history
hjg5688
8-TheAtlanticSystem1.pptxHIST 1513: US TO 1876 EARLY US HISTORY IN 4 LIVES
THE ATLANTIC SYSTEM
SOUTHEASTERN OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY
WHAT DEFINED SLAVERY IN THE ALTANTIC WORLD?
KEY TERMS
Sugar
Atlantic System/Triangle Trade
Diaspora
Middle Passage
Chattel Principle
Dirk Valkenburg, Plantation in Surinam (c. 1707 CE)
Oil on canvas
SOURCE: Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Acc. No. SK-A-4075
https://rkd.nl/nl/explore/images/4828
NEVER CAUGHT: THE WASHINGTONS’ RELENTLESS PURSUIT OF THEIR RUNAWAY SLAVE, ONA JUDGE
Mount Vernon, Washington’s Estate
IMAGE SOURCE: https://www.greenwichtime.com/news/article/Trump-wondered-why-Mount-Vernon-isn-t-named-after-13756187.php
NEVER CAUGHT: THE WASHINGTONS’ RELENTLESS PURSUIT OF THEIR RUNAWAY SLAVE, ONA JUDGE
Currier & Ives, “Martha Washington”
SOURCE: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division via UVA Today
https:// news.virginia.edu/content/uva-publish-rare-letters-first-lady-martha-washington
Gilbert Stuart, “George Washington” (1795)
Oil on Canvas
SOURCE: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Acc. No. 7.160
Titus Kaphar, “Page 4 of Jefferson’s Farm Book, Jan. 1774” (2018) (Oil and Tar on Canvas)
SOURCE: Cantor Arts Center, Stanford University
https://enfilade18thc.com/2019/02/25/cantor-art-center-acquires-works-by-kaphar-and-suh/
NEVER CAUGHT: THE WASHINGTONS’ RELENTLESS PURSUIT OF THEIR RUNAWAY SLAVE, ONA JUDGE
Charles Willson Peale, “George Washington” (1772)
Oil on Canvas
IMAGE SOURCE: Washington and Lee University via Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery, Acc. No. 1951.80
BREAK TIME!
FEEL FREE TO GRAB A DRINK, A SNACK, OR STRETCH.
SOURCE: © Creative Commons
AREAS OF EUROPEAN COLONIAL SETTLEMENT THROUGHOUT NORTH AMERICA
c. 1700
def.
Colonial policy in which large numbers of settlers claim land and become the majority population. In most instances, this new majority attempts to engineer the disappearance of the original inhabitants everywhere except in nostalgia.
- Definition adapted from Nancy Shoemaker, “A Typology of Colonialism,” Perspectives on History, October 2015 (https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/october-2015/a-typology-of-colonialism) and Patrick Wolfe, “Land, Labor, and Difference: Elementary Structures of Race,” American Historical Review 106 (2001): 866-905
SETTLER COLONIALISM
SPANISH
THE ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM
def.
A system of Spanish colonization that guaranteed ownership of both the land and the coerced native laborers who worked it. This would change after 1550 CE with the introduction of the repartimiento system, which allowed Native Americans to earn wages and be recognized as legally free, although still subject to a fixed amount of labor per year.
FRENCH
ENGLISH
“MIDDLE GROUND”
def.
A context of equitable intercultural relations where diverse peoples adjust their differences through what amounts to a process of creative, and often expedient, misunderstandings. Different groups often misinterpret and distort both the values and the practices of those they deal with, but from these misunderstandings arise new shared meanings and through them new practices.
HEAD-RIGHT SYSTEM
def.
An incentive for colonial settlement in English Virginia that granted 50 acres of land to any colonist who paid for his own (or another’s) transatlantic trip.
This approach did not consider Native Americans subjects of the English Crown (unlike the Spanish repartimiento system).
.
ENSLAVED NATIVE AMERICANS PRODUCE SUGAR
"Nigritae exhaustis venis metallicis conficiendo saccharo operam dare debent.”
SOURCE: Girolamo Benzoni, Americae pars quinta nobilis & admiratione… (Frankfurt, 1595), Vol. 5, fig. 2.
Copy in Library Company of Philadelphia, Image Ref. LCP-25.
Via Atlantic Slave Trade and Slave Life in the Americas Online Database, Univ. of Virginia
http://slaveryimages.org/images/collection/large/Gazz02.JPG
“Sucrerie”
SOURCE: Jean Baptiste DuTerte, Histoire Générale des Antilles… (Paris, 1667), Vol. 2, p. 122.
Copy in John Carter Brown Library, Brown Univ., Image Ref. NW0061.
Via Atlantic Slave Trade and Slave Life in the Americas Online Database, Univ. of Virginia
Cofffee Tree and Leaves
SOURCE: UCLA William Andrews Clark Memorial Library
Bittersweet Uprising: Coffee and Coffeehouse Culture in Early Modern England 2013 Exhibit
https://clarklibrary.wordpress.com/2013/01/30/exhibit-bittersweet-uprising/
Johann Hainzelman, Posture d’un homme faissant la paste de Chocolat (1687)
Engraving
SOURCE: Nicola de Blégny, Le bon usage du thé, du caffé, et du chocolat…, (Lyon, 1687), 247
Archive of Early American Images, John Carter Brown Library, Acc. No. 15-180
SOURCE: Jean Baptiste Labat, Nouveau voyage aux isles de l’Amerique (Paris, 1772), Vol. 4, p. 496. In John Carter Brown Library, Image Ref. JCB_09862-1.
Via Atlantic Slave Trade and Slave Life in the Americas Online Database, Univ. of Virginia
http://slaveryimages.org/images/collection/large/JCB_09862-1.jpg
THE ATLANTIC SYSTEM
def.
Sometimes referred to as the "Triangle Trade," this was an interconnected system that moved goods and people across the Atlantic. Europeans trafficked slaves from West Africa across the Atlantic, where they sold them for commodities in North and South America. There raw materials were used for manufacturing, with the processed goods being used to trade for more slaves in Africa.
Map depicting the Atlantic System
SOURCE: © Creative Commons
THE MIDDLE PASSAGE
The Middle Passage refers to the experiences of slaves as they crossed the Atlantic ocean.
Conditions on board slave vessels were wretched — slaves rarely had access to fresh air.
The mortality rate attributed to the Middle Passage alone is estimated to be approximately 14%.
SOURCE: “Slave Ship Artifacts Recovered,” Smithsonian Insider, 29 October 2015
http://insider.si.edu/2015/10/slave-ship-artifacts-recovered/
def.
Any group that has been dispersed outside its traditional homeland, especially involuntarily.
DIASPORA
| Time Period | Senegambia | Gold Coast | Bight of Benin | Bight of Biafra | West Central Africa | Other |
| Pre- 1651 | 4,600 | 1,400 | 0 | 18,800 | 100 | 1,100 |
| 1651- 1675 | 4,800 | 15,500 | 10,900 | 40,600 | 1,800 | 6,800 |
| 1676- 1700 | 14,200 | 28,300 | 61,200 | 23,900 | 30,300 | 8,400 |
| TOTAL | 23,600 | 45,200 | 72,100 | 83,300 | 32,200 | 16,300 |
| N= 272,700 | 9% | 17% | 26% | 31% | 12% | 6% |
African Regional Background of Enslaved Delivered to Barbados and Jamaica
1601-1700
SOURCE: Gregory O’Malley,
Final Passages: The Intercolonial Slave Trade of British America, 1619-1807
(Univ. of North Carolina Press, 2014), 134.
Major African Coastal Regions of Embarkation in the Transatlantic Slave Trade
A Senegambia
B Gold Coast
C Bight of Benin
D Bight of Biafra
E West Central Africa
THE SLAVE TRADE IN NUMBERS (1501-1866)
DESTINATION OF SLAVE SHIPS
DESTINATION Mainland North America Brazil Mainland Spanish America Caribbean 389000 4864 000 487000 4798000
SOURCE: Russell Menard, Sweet Negotiations: Sugar, Slavery, and Plantation Agriculture in Early Barbados (Univ. of Virginia Press, 2006), 128
THE CHATTEL PRINCIPLE
def.
The fundamental assumption and practice recognized by enslavers of their ability to transact their enslaved peoples the same as any other form of property. It gave slave owners the legal right to purchase, sell, and loan the enslaved.
FINAL POINTS
The Emergence of a European-controlled Atlantic System facilitated colonial expansion and placed Europeans at the center of African trade networks.
The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade encouraged economic stagnation in Africa, as international demand was focused more on securing Africa’s peoples instead of any of its non-human natural resources.
The practice of slavery in the Americas was not racially defined at first – only over time did kidnapped Africans come to compose the majority of enslaved labor.
Plantation complexes came to define everyday life in many regions throughout the Americas. However, those regions in which plantation complexes were not economically viable – for example, New England – still came to adopt social power structures based on racial slavery.
FOR NEXT CLASS
READ
Dunbar, Never Caught, p. 33-60
COMPLETE
Packback Qs + As
George Washington’s List of Slaves at Mount Vernon (1799)
SOURCE: Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association via US National Library of Medicine
https:// www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/georgewashington/exhibition2.html
