500 words Annotated Bibliography 4 hrs

Annotated Bibliography

Secondary Research Report

An annotated bibliography is a list of sources you plan to use for a research project. In addition to a citation for each source, the annotations provide helpful information, like what a source is about and how reliable it is.

While researching for Project 1, you will need to find sources that help you better understand your topic and answer your research question. For this assignment, you will gather and organize sources for Project 1, as well as evaluate their reliability.

ENTRIES & ANNOTATIONS

For each source, include a full, accurate MLA citation (see Purdue OWL or our Library Guide for more information)

After the citation, you should include the following information in separate bullet points

Type of source

What makes this source reliable? Think about the place of publication, author’s credentials, content, etc.

What is this source about? Summarize the content in 2-3 sentences. This should be written in your own words and should NOT include direct quotations!

How will this source fit into your Secondary Research Report? How does it relate to your other sources?

SOURCE GUIDELINES

MINimum 10 sources

MINimum 2 empirical studies (scholarly)

MAXimum 1 video

MAXimum 2 sources from our Library Guide

MAXimum 2 sources in a non-English language

Sources can be scholarly or non-scholarly and include:

general or specialized encyclopedias

journals

books

magazines

newspapers

interviews

websites

government documents

surveys

public presentations

Sources can be used for general background about your topic, for example:

Definitions of terms or explanations of basic concepts

Establishing what the issue/conflict/problem is

Statistics indicating how many international students study at US universities

Sources can be used for more specific information, for example:

A study of university students’ perceptions of their instructor’s accent

A blog post about an instructor’s struggles to make her class more interesting for students

FORMAT

Include a heading with your issue and research question

Organize your entries into sections based on how you plan to use the sources

Within each section, arrange your entries alphabetically by author’s last name

See sample Annotated Bibliography below:

Research Question:

How does neoliberalism affect the way international students are portrayed in academic literature?

GENERAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION

1. Institute of International Education. Open Doors Report on International Educational Exchange. 18 Nov. 2019, http://www.iie.org/opendoors. Accessed 17 Feb. 2020.

Statistical report

It comes from a not-for-profit organization that has been gathering information about student enrollment for for 100 years

This report tells how many international students study in the US and where they come from. It also provides financial information, such as where their funding comes from and how much they contribute to the US economy.

This source will be used for background information to show how many international students are in the US

2. Taylor, Charles. Modern Social Imaginaries. Public Culture, vol. 14, no. 1, 2002, pp. 91–124.

Academic article (essay, not research)

It was published in a scholarly journal and the author’s work has been cited thousands of times by other scholars

This essay is very conceptual and talks about how a certain imagined existence led to the norms of modern Western society. There’s a lot of information that’s not really relevant to my project, and I’m mostly interested in the definition of social imaginaries, which is basically a culture’s way of understanding the world.

The Stein and Oliveira de Andreotti article talks about social imaginaries, so I needed this source to provide a definition of the concept

GLOBALIZATION OF UNIVERSITIES & RECRUITMENT OF INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS

3. Agarwal, Vinod B., and Donald R. Winkler. “Foreign Demand for United States Higher Education: A Study of Developing Countries in the Eastern Hemisphere.” Economic Development and Cultural Change, vol. 33, no. 3, 1985, pp. 623–644., doi:10.1086/451482.

Academic article

It was published in a scholarly journal, and the statistics look accurate

This article is heavily based on statistics and regression models. The authors tested several variables, including cost, opportunities for education in home country, and immigration benefits, to see which explained why there is such high demand for US higher education in Eastern countries. They found that rising costs of university in the US and more opportunities for education back home meant that international student enrollment was declining.

I’d like to focus on the author’s presentation of statistics about the rapid increase in international student enrollment and their justification for conducting this study–it’s a kind of general information about how and why international students are coming to the US

4. Bolsmann, Chris, and Henry Miller. “International Student Recruitment to Universities in England: Discourse, Rationales and Globalisation.” Globalisation, Societies and Education, vol. 6, no. 1, 2008, pp. 75–88., doi:10.1080/14767720701855634.

Academic article

It was published in a scholarly journal, and the methods seem reliable

The authors interviewed employees at four universities in England to see how they talk about international student recruitment, including their reasons and the rhetoric they use. They found that participants often talked about economic competition.

This article is kind of a transition between talking about international student enrollment generally and looking at how people talk about international students.

5. Cudmore, Geoffrey. "Globalization, Internationalization, and the Recruitment of International Students in Higher Education, and in The Ontario Colleges of Applied Arts And Technology." Canadian Journal of Higher Education, vol. 35, no. 1, 2005, pp. 37-60.

Academic article

It was published in a scholarly journal

Even though this article is specifically focused on this Canadian context, the author provides a really helpful general overview of how and why universities recruit international students. I think this could easily be applied to the US context, and in fact, the author includes multiple citations referring to the US.

This article will be used as a general overview of how and why students come to North American universities

6. Mazzarol, Tim, and Geoffrey N. Soutar. “‘Push‐Pull’ Factors Influencing International Student Destination Choice.” International Journal of Educational Management, vol. 16, no. 2, 2002, pp. 82–90., doi:10.1108/09513540210418403.

Academic article

It was published in a scholarly journal

The authors studied the motivations that led students to study overseas, including factors that “push” them away from their home countries and factors that “pull” them toward specific destinations. They found that a university’s reputation is one of its largest draws in terms of attracting potential international students. On a larger scale, the country’s reputation is also important; for example, many students wanted to come to the US because they were, thanks to US media influences, more familiar with the culture, but some students’ parents thought the US was a bad influence.

This article should help me show some of the reasons why international students choose to come to the US.

MARKETING HIGHER EDUCATION

7. Kinnell, Margaret. “International Marketing in UK Higher Education: Some Issues in Relation to Marketing Educational Programmes to Overseas Students.” European Journal of Marketing, vol. 23, no. 5, 1989, pp. 7–21., doi:10.1108/eum0000000000566.

Academic article

It was published in a scholarly journal

The author specifically focuses on the UK, but she talks a lot about other countries, including the US. She says there are so many options for international students that universities have to be very strategic in marketing to make sure they are competitive.

This article is a kind of background in a way. It’s good justification for how neoliberalism is affecting universities and the way they behave toward international students

8. Mazzarol, Tim, et al. “Critical Success Factors in the Marketing of an Educational Institution: A Comparison of Institutional and Student Perspectives.” Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, vol. 10, no. 2, 2001, pp. 39–57., doi:10.1300/j050v10n02_04.

Academic article

It was published in a scholarly journal, and the statistics seem reliable

The authors argue that universities started to focus on marketing education in the 1980s. Even before that, education was no longer seen as a public good but rather a marketable service. They surveyed university administrators and students to determine differences in perceived marketability of institutions. They found that administrators and students focused on different aspects of the university.

Again, this article will be kind of background to help establish how neoliberalism has shifted the focus of higher education institutions to business, and the way people talk about international students is also affected

ANALYZING THE WAY SCHOLARS TALK ABOUT THINGS

9. Hill, Jane H. “‘Expert rhetorics’ in Advocacy for Endangered Languages: Who is Listening, and What Do They Hear?." Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, vol. 12, no. 2, 2002, pp. 119-133., doi:10.1525/jlin.2002.12.2.119

Academic article (more theoretical based on the author’s experience)

It was published in a scholarly journal, and the author is very well known in her field

This article might seem like a strange choice, because it is about endangered languages, which isn’t my topic. But, the analysis is similar to what I’m interested in. The author looked for dominant trends in how scholars were talking about endangered languages. She found three major trends: universal ownership, hyperbolic valorization, and enumeration. These trends seem to correspond to the three tropes in Stein and Oliveira De Andreotti’s article, which is directly related to my topic.

This article can’t be used to show how international students are portrayed, but it can show how scholars do tend to follow certain trends in the way they discuss certain subjects–and sometimes they actually hurt their cause in doing so

10. Stein, Sharon, and Vanessa Oliveira De Andreotti. “Cash, Competition, or Charity: International Students and the Global Imaginary.” Higher Education, vol. 72, no. 2, Dec. 2015, pp. 225–239., doi:10.1007/s10734-015-9949-8.

Academic article

It was published in a scholarly journal, and the analysis seems thorough

The authors argue that the academic discourse surrounding international students depicts them in very specific ways. Dominant tropes about international students frame them as cash, competition, and charity.

I think this article will be a centerpiece of my report. It helps answer my specific research question more than some of the other articles, and it provides a nice overview of how scholars talk about international students in their writing