ESSAY QUESTION2

Final Essay Exam

Follow the instructions below:

· Please include a cover sheet with the course title, a sub-title of “Final Essay Exam,” and the date of submission.

· Make sure to indicate which questions you selected by using the same, corresponding numbers with your responses (e.g., #2, 4, 6, 7, 9) so that I can easily match up your responses with the proper questions. Please don’t repeat or restate the questions.

· Your responses should be clear, complete, succinct and substantive, addressing all of the main themes, elements or sub-questions in each overall question selected.  

· Your own critical thinking and analysis should be supported by evidence of research in appropriate sources such as assigned or supplementary sources used in this course, or from other scholarly/authoritative sources found in your own research, with source attribution and in-text citations in your responses in proper APA format for all conclusions, statements of fact, quotations, ideas or other supporting content.

· This is not a research paper, so please don’t overdo it in terms of direct quotes, reproduced lists or tables, or citations. At the same time, while I want to see what you think about these topics, I’m not looking merely for opinions; rather, well-reasoned arguments or assertions supported by evidence with at least a few citations from authoritative sources. The challenge is to maintain a high proportion of original work and limit the use of material quoted or paraphrased from the sources you cited.

· Please include a single overall list of References or Works Cited at the end of the exam rather than piecemeal after each response, with full citations in proper APA format.

· Make sure to follow a single, correct, consistent citation style for both in-text citations in your responses and full citations in the list of References or Works Cited; don’t “mix-and-match” APA with other styles in the same exam.

· Do not reproduce lists, tables, charts, graphs, figures or images to include in the essay exams.

· Proofread and edit your replies for organization, coherence, sentence structure, grammar and spelling.

· Your responses should be in Times New Roman, size 12 font, double-spaced.  

· Please include pagination (i.e., insert sequential page numbers).

· Your completed exam should total 10 pages, (a minimum of two pages per response), excluding the cover sheet and list of References or Works Cited.  

· Please do not plagiarize. Turnitin will be used to check for originality. Select and respond to five of the following ten questions, one from each week or session:

Week 7: Agriculture and Food. (Select and respond to one question for Week 7)

1.) Protecting the American food supply from terrorist attacks or natural contamination is a difficult task. The FDA and USDA have the primary responsibilities. These two organizations have made significant changes since 9/11 to protect the food supply chain, but we still have experienced major incidents involving the contamination or adulteration of various food products or ingredients at various points in the supply chain, resulting in recalls, public health harms, litigation, and loss of consumer confidence. If you were a senior advisor in the Trump Administration, what would you recommend to the president for making these two government agencies more effective and proactive (rather than reactive) in protecting our food system? Should those functions or relevant USDA and FDA units or divisions be merged under DHS, or perhaps CDC, or in some other organizational arrangement? Provide some research or evidence to support your opinion.

2.) What do you think are the most likely or serious threats, risks, hazards or vulnerabilities affecting the Food and Agriculture (FA) sector? Would these be man-made or naturally occurring hazards, and if man-made, who would be the likely aggressors or culprits, and what would their motives be? What strategies or specific measures would you recommend for mitigating, preventing, or protecting against these threats and vulnerabilities, and for responding to any incidents that do occur? What are the major obstacles or challenges that you would anticipate for implementing your recommendations, and how could those be overcome?

Week 8: Information Technology (IT) & Cybersecurity . (Select and respond to one question for Week 8)

3.) Do you believe that the vision, guiding principles and strategic concept outlined in various national cybersecurity documents such as the Blueprint for a Secure Cyber Future published by DHS in 2010, or the 2010 Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative or 2013 Executive Order from the Obama White House, Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity, or the Presidential Executive Order #13800 on Strengthening the Cybersecurity of Federal Networks and Critical Infrastructure from the Trump administration in 2017, are comprehensive and on target, or are there key elements missing? Do you believe that the guiding principles are realistic and achievable? Why or why not? How do these mesh with the emphasis in recent years on the need for transparency and information sharing to improve public understanding of federal efforts to enhance cybersecurity? Is transparency really appropriate and in our best interests, or does it risk revealing too much to our enemies or malicious hackers? Support your case with specific examples or evidence from authoritative sources.

4.) Considering the concept of the “cybersecurity triad” including intergovernmental relations, public-private relations, and cybersecurity citizens, and the incremental approach to cybersecurity proposed by Harknett and Stever, what approach or measures do you believe are actually required to really engage and prepare all three legs of that triad? Who must lead that effort, and who or what constitutes the “weak link” in cybersecurity? Do previous or historical government measures in response to the nuclear technology revolution have any enduring relevance or offer any lessons for the modern cybersecurity mission, or was that too long ago or too different in nature or scope to have any value today? Support your arguments with specific examples or evidence.

Week 9: Group Projects and Overall Course Review (Select and respond to one question for Week 9. There were no assigned readings for Week 9 other than review of the Group Project presentations, but these questions pertain to the overall course and its focus on critical infrastructure protection.)

5.) In what ways, or to what extent—if at all—do you feel the United States is safer, or better prepared, in terms of homeland security than it was before 9/11/01, especially in terms of critical infrastructure protection? Provide specific examples or evidence to support your views. What major gaps, deficiencies or weaknesses remain, and what do you feel can and should be done to address them? Identify and defend three specific key recommendations you would make as an advisor to President Trump to improve homeland security while preserving traditional American values or protections regarding civil liberties and privacy during his administration.

6.) Describe what you believe will be the three most important or serious emerging issues, trends or future threats and challenges facing the United States in the next five-ten years in the area of homeland security. How would you hope, or anticipate, that the current administration will address homeland security? Explain and support your picks or predictions with examples, evidence, and/or logical arguments. Finally, in what ways, if at all, has your thinking, understanding or assessment of homeland security in general, or critical infrastructure protection in particular, changed since you began this course?

Week 10: Emergency Responders (Select and respond to one question for Week 10)

7.) Ever since the Oklahoma City Bombing of 1995 and the attacks of 9/11/01, congressional hearings, official government reports and think-tank studies have all agreed that a lack of interoperable public safety communications remains a chronic problem that hampers the effective coordination of emergency first responder agencies in major incidents. Considering all the advances in IT/communications technology, and the unifying motive of protecting our nation from terrorist attacks, why do you think this problem has thus far defied resolution? Is there anything currently in progress or on the horizon that seems promising as a solution? Provide three specific recommendations that you believe may help remedy this situation, and support your recommendations with examples, evidence or logical argument.

8.) What is your overall assessment of Presidential Policy Directive #8, the National Preparedness Goal—Second Edition, and National Preparedness System? What are their best elements, and what, if anything, appears to be missing or weak? Do they complement, reinforce and supplement other key guidance documents you were introduced to in this course, such as the National Incident Management System (NIMS)-Third Edition, and 2016 editions of the National Planning Frameworks, or are they in conflict or redundant? Considering that these documents were all developed and published by the White House or DHS/FEMA, how do they affect state/local emergency responders, and what are the proper roles and responsibilities of state/local emergency responders in this national system? Drawing from lessons learned from recent major disasters such as Hurricanes Sandy, Harvey, Irma, Maria, Michael, or Florence, or tornadoes in Oklahoma, or the recent Camp and Woolsey wildfires in California, what do you think must be done to further enhance preparedness and response for major disasters here in the United States? Support your answer with specific evidence or examples from authoritative sources.

Week 11: Technology & Homeland Security (Select and respond to one question for Week 11)

9.) Our nation continually engages in research and development for new or better technologies to enhance mitigation, protection, prevention, preparedness and response for terrorist attacks or natural disasters in general, and to protect our CI/KR sectors in particular. The DHS Science and Technology Directorate Review 2014 ( https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/DHS_ST_Review_2014-508_1.pdf ) describes the capabilities, accomplishments, priorities, ongoing projects, and way forward for DHS in this regard. Given the discussions in this course about leveraging technology research and development, and considering the fact that DHS can’t fund everything in the face of increasing pressure to cut federal spending, what would be the top four urgent priorities related to technologies for agriculture & food, water, the IT sector, or emergency responders that you would recommend should be pursued and funded? Provide specifics and the rationale for your choices.    

10.) Which of the various homeland security technology applications or “gadgets and gizmos” discussed in any of the assigned readings for Week 11 seem to hold the greatest promise for providing practical solutions for serious homeland security problems or challenges? Explain and support your choices. Considering your choices in the context of Jackson’s article on coevolution of offense and defense in applying homeland security technologies, what must we do to prevent terrorists from circumventing or disrupting those technologies? Can we realistically stay “one step ahead” of terrorists with proactive technology applications and security measures, or are we doomed to remain forever reactive and wait to address each new technology threat or limitation as it emerges or becomes apparent?