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jimmy121
7_Wk_Colonialism_ME.pptxHistory of the Middle East
Welcome!
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History of the Middle East
The Emergence of the Middle East into the Modern State System
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Today's Program
The process of Ottoman decline und
European expansion / colonialism in the ME
European de–colonialism in the ME
State building / formation in the region
The legacy it left for the resulting states of the region
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Today's Program: Guiding question:
In what ways did European power impact the region during the mandatory system???
What is the legacy of European colonialism in the Middle East?
How France and Britain did legitimize their foreign holdings??
Were all countries colonized by Great Brittan or France? Did all countries came under the control of the European rule?
Did the physical departure of the imperial powers mean total independence?
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Colonialism and the ME
Long history of relations bet. Europe and the ME
Wars, distrust and competition
Main station: 11-13th centuries / Crusades
Increasing interests in the ME 18th / 19th Century
Dominance of the ME WWI
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The Ottoman Empire (14th –20th )
Creation: 14th Century
Climax: most powerful states in the world during the 15th and 16th centuries.
In its prime the OE controlled much territory in Europe, Anatolia and the Arab lands
Stagnation: 17th Century –
Collapse: WWI
End: 1922 replaced by the Turkish Republic
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The Ottoman Empire (14th –20th )
Stagnation: 17th Century –
Collapse: WWI
End: 1922 replaced by the Turkish Republic
The long decline of the OE opened the door for the rising forces of Europe to push its way into the ME
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The Ottoman Empire & ME
The core of the Ottoman Empire comprised most of what is now referred to as the Middle East
This domination marked a long historical process that ended with the collapse of the Ottoman Empire
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ME in the 19th – WWI
Britain, France, and Italy took control of the vast majority of the region during the 19th and 20th Century.
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See additional PDF-document including the list of countries.
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Colonialism and the ME
Motives for colonialism:
Nationalism and glorification
Missionaries spreading Christianity
Dominating ‘inferior nations’
Resources for European economies
Geographical expeditions <> resources, markets
Colonies: a matter of prestige
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Algeria was the first major territory to come under direct European occupation
The British emphasis was in the eastern half of the region
The French control was in the west of the region (North Africa)
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WWI and the ME
WWI: Ottoman Empire joined Germany
UK gained territories at the expense of defeated Germany and OE
Britain captured Iraq and other regions; received local support with promise for self-rule
The Ottoman Empire collapsed
Ottoman territory carved into mandates
Nationalist movements against British, French
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Persistent question
What could or should replace the Ottoman Empire?
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The New Middle East after WWI
WWI reshaped world politics and that of the Middle East
UK and France fought to capitalize on the collapse of the Ottoman Empire
WWI shattered three empires:
Germany
Austria-Hungary
the Ottoman Empire
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WWI-WWII
Between WWI and WWII great powers (UK, France) made sure no other power would gain a decisive advantage
In the course of this, the British government made other promises
1915, UK agreed to a special French role of Greater Syria
1915-1916, UK promised Hussein support for the establishment of an Arab Kingdom in exchange for revolt
1917, UK promised the British Zionist movement support for a national Jewish home in Palestine (Balfour declaration)
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These promises could not all be fulfilled.
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Sykes-Picot agreement 1915-1916
Britain and France negotiated an outline agreement on their shares of the spoils to come
Sykes–Picot set the framework for the new order in the Middle East
It created the basis system of states and state boarders that continues to shape the region’s political geography today
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Colonialism in the ME
In what ways did European power impact the region during the colonial period?
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Forms of relationships
The name of the system of control was different in different places.
Series of treaty relationship with small countries in the Gulf
Colonies ( Algeria)
Mandates ( Palestine, Syria)
Treaty agreements with local elites and/or military presence increased European influence and control spread.
The reality was colonial, whatever the name
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According to this mandate system mandatory powers, Europeans also, had an obligation to protect peoples (native's welfare) under their control and prepare them for independence
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In reality, UK and France attempted to protect their strategic interests in the region
French colonial power attempted to deeply impact society and economy of the people it sought to dominate
French colonial authorities encouraged French settler and attempted to reconstruct Arab society into a French model.
French schooling
Compulsory military service
Colonial impact was connected to the conduct of arbitrary power and architecture of dominated people into colonial model
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Modernity into the ME
Colonial authorities and people from the West came in interactions with individual and political elite from the region
They brought with them modernity into the Middle East: a modern way of thinking that emphasized organization, efficiency, discipline and the importance of achieving concrete results in every way.
Modernity has proven – in some aspects – not just destabilizing in Europe but in the region as well
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Modernity and the Middle East
Arab thinkers initiated a long and in many aspects unresolved debates about how Arab shall deal with European penetrations, with state-nationalism, religion and modernity
Different outputs:
To accept modernity
To confront it and reject it
To co-opt and use those components of modern thinking that are compatible with Arab culture and Islam/Christianity
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Colonialism in the ME
Europe's imperialist policies left a strong imprint on the borders, politics, economics, and cultures of the [contemporary] Middle East.
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Forms of relationships
Draw the modern-day boundaries of many countries in the ME
National identity
Engineered political systems
Socio–economic impacts
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Colonialism in the ME
How France and Britain did legitimize their foreign holdings??
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How France and Britain did legitimize their foreign holdings??
France and Britain legitimized their foreign holdings in part with the idea that they had a "civilizing" mission in the region
The imperial assumption was that their rule over regions in the Middle East would be good for peoples and also popular by the peoples in the region
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Colonialism in the ME
Were all countries colonized by Great Brittan or France? Did all countries come under the control of the European rule?
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Colonialism in the ME
NO
Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia, North Yemen, Oman are examples.
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Pathways from Colonialism
Per UN – resolution: Israel
Unilateral withdrawal of the colonial master (small states in the Gulf)
National Movement (Egypt / Iraq)
Civil War & riots (Algeria)
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Decolonization
Decolonization unfolded in the mid-20th Century
Between WWI and WWII the right to hold colonies abroad became a matter of political controversy in Europe
UK and France defeated in the wake of the WWII. Great powers had no capacity to fulfil.
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Decolonization
Dependency from colonial powers / great powers
In the 1950s the USA began to replace the fading French and British powers
Exploitation of oil and generation of wealth
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Did the physical departure of the imperial powers mean total independence?
No
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Did the physical departure of the imperial powers mean total independence?
No
Often, nominally independent states maintained political, economic, and military ties to their former masters
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Why?
In some instances, they were simply unable to force Europeans to leave completely
In other instances, leaders maintained those ties more voluntarily, understanding that they could benefit from ongoing political-military support from the trade relations with their former masters
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New Generations!
For challengers, European imperialism was a humiliating chapter in the history of their nations. In their opinion, they could not close the book on until those ties were broken
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How?
Military coups unfolded in:
Syria in 1949,
Egypt in 1952,
Iraq in 1958
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Post-colonialism / neo–colonialism
Economic profits without administrative costs
Cold War alliances through proxies
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Impact of Colonialism
Nation building
Forming new national identity
New (or restored) identity /ies
Building state and state apparatus
Importance of leadership and ideologies
Resentment of favoured minorities
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Impact of Colonialism
State-building
Revolutionary coups and change of regimes
Promises towards fundamental changes
Economic: Nationalization vs. privatization
Political spheres: liberties
Commitment to national-oriented foreign policy
Tendency toward military rule
High military spending
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Impact of Colonialism
Economic affairs
Strong ties to previous colonial powers
Main trade partner
Migration field
Source for tourism
Dependence on a single commodity
Resource-based national economy
Rentier state economy
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Impact of Colonialism
Psychological impact
Belief in Western supremacy
Western “Experts” favoured over locals
Trust and distrust governments <> locals
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Legacy and Impact?
Artificial identities?
Fixed boundaries and boarders?
Transform of pre-existing social, economic, and political structure?
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The New Middle East after WWI
WWI reshaped world politics and that of the Middle East
UK and France fought to capitalize on the collapse of the Ottoman Empire
WWI shattered three empires:
Germany
Austria-Hungary
the Ottoman Empire
46
WWI-WWII
Between WWI and WWII great powers (UK, France) made sure no other power would gain a decisive advantage
In the course of this, the British government made other promises
1915, UK agreed to a special French role of Greater Syria
1915-1916, UK promised Hussein support for the establishment of an Arab Kingdom in exchange for revolt
1917, UK promised the British Zionist movement support for a national Jewish home in Palestine (Balfour declaration
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These promises could not all be fulfilled.
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Sykes-Picot agreement 1915-1916
Britain and France negotiated an outline agreement on their shares of the spoils to come
Sykes–Picot set the framework for the new order in the Middle East
It created the basis system of states and state boarders that continues to shape the region’s political geography today
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