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7-NorthAmerica.pptx
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First Settlers in North America

Early populations of North America first moved across a land bridge near Alaska into the continent & lived in relatively small groupings of hunters and gatherers

Migration of Europeans from Spain, England, France and the Netherlands → Settlers began establishing colonies along the Atlantic Coastline and further inland along rivers.

After some fighting, the local Indian tribes made peace with the settlers /or tribes moved westward.

In the early 1800s North America was largely agricultural with more than 80 % of population in farming → rich resources

Slavery dominated tobacco, rice & cotton production

Canada- fur, timber and fish

New England’s tall trees were used to produce ships

Pennsylvania and the middle colonies produced foodstuffs

Textile manufacturers protected from foreign competition through embargo on trade during the Napoleonic Wars

Income Distribution

income distribution was skewed heavily towards large plantation owners, with a sizeable group of smaller farmers in the middle class, and a large percentage of slaves at the bottom

Landowners did not push for widespread public education→ even banned the education of slaves

eventually banned slavery in the last quarter of the 1700s & most Northern states offered public education by 1840s

limitations on the education of slaves & low levels of their wealth after the Civil War contributed to relatively low incomes for the ex- slaves and their offspring for many decades afterwards.

Employment in manufacturing, services, transportation and other sectors grow much faster pace→ by 1860 the share of the farm population in US had fallen from 80% to 50 %.

Population growth

Before becoming colonies of European nations North America were lightly populated

In an environment with land and heavy reliance upon farming, birth rates were substantially higher than in Europe, while supplies of food and less crowding of the population into cities led to lower death rates

Population growth was supplemented by migrants from Europe who came in increasing numbers during famines in Ireland and Germany in the late 1840s

Social & Political Characteristics

Aside from the attack at Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, North American countries have managed to avoid the destructiveness of warfare on their home territories

Broad based educational systems designed to educate the whole population

governments gave people extensive political and economic freedoms,

strong protection of property rights

Generally unbiased rule of law

American Constitution & Bill of Rights

By 1781 the American colonists had managed to outlast the British and gain their independence.

Dissatisfaction with the problems associated with a loose confederation of states in the six years fallowing the war led Americans to call a convention in 1787.

The American Constitution that came out of the debates, combined with the Bill of Rights gave citizens protection of private property, patents and copyrights, free speech, freedom of press, freedom of religion, the right to sign contracts without government interference, a representative democracy, the right to trial by jury of one’s peers.

During the first 70 years of its existence US expanded in territory eventually reaching the Pacific Ocean

Early, Americans were deeply divided as to whether the country should expand beyond the Pacific and Atlantic oceans> became a major debate after the Civil War.

✤ William Seward a post-war secretary of States, succeeded in pushing a plan to purchase Alaska from Russia, but his attempts to buy Greenland and Iceland, as well as some territories in the Caribbean, were all blocked by Congress.

Americans took land from Mexico, the southeast and California during the Mexican- American war of 1848.

The US territory expanded with the purchases of Louisiana territory in 1803, Florida in 1819

 

After the end of Civil War in 1865, the possibility of high earnings in America and Canada led to large increases in the number of immigrants→ English, Irish, Welsh, Scottish, Germans, French and Scandinavians dominated the immigrant groups prior to 1890.

 

The immigration boom was eventually slowed by political and economic restrictions.→ Chinese and Japanese immigrants were excluded from the US by federal laws in 1882 and 1907.

WW1 slowed immigration.

In 1800’s industrial revolution produced explosive economic growth

power became concentrated in the federal government, making it easier for expansionist action.

1898, President McKinley dragged the country into war with Spain over the island of Cuba→ Puerto Rico, Cuba, Guam, and the Philippines acquired by US in win

A few years later in 1903 the US took control of the Panama Canal zone (one of the worlds most important trading routes/ports)

Land acquisitions like Hawaii brough the US onto the global power stage

Industrial Expansion

Industrial expansion had begun well before the Civil War, it increasingly accelerated over the time, boom was fueled by coal

From 1840 through 1910 transportation costs across the country were cut by expansion of railroads throughout the nation. Meanwhile, canals and riverboats innovated and remained competitive.

US steel capacity expanded rapidly after 1860…… became the world leader by 1910

inventions in the form telephones, electric lights, automobiles

average size of firms grew larger with a merger wave around 1900. Many workers shared in the success of these large firms, which offered the highest wages in the world.

Second half of 19th and 20th c

Between 1865 and 1914 the US & Canada became increasingly interconnected with the world economy

globalization came to a halt with the WW1 and the interconnection with the rest of the economy retracted sharply over the thirty years during the Great Depression of the 1930s & WW2

In East Asia, the growing Japanese Empire posed a direct threat to American possessions and troops > Pearl Harbor attack bringing the U.S. into the World War II

US global power increasing

WW1 showed how much American’s influence had grown.

US. Intervention was a decisive factor in the war’s end when President Wilson attended the Paris Peace Conference which ended the war and tried to set the terms of peace.

President Wilson organized the initiative, the League of Nations, designed to promote peace and cooperation globally.

After WW2

The U.S. was in unique position to set the terms of the peace and, with the intention of preventing another war, U.S. took the lead in creating the United Nations

The Bretton Woods Agreement became a support for the global financial system resulting in the IBRD (World Bank) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

Cold War: The Military Machine Rolls On

Soviet Union established hegemony over eastern Europe and the US established a strong countervailing military presence in western Europe and on the Pacific Rim

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

The US sought to spread influence throughout the globe via a strategy called “containment” (aimed at containing the spread of communism around the globe)

US Military alliances were made with countries as a key to stop the spread of communism in their regions.

The Korean war took place June 25, 1950- July 27, 1953

From November 1955-April 30, 1975, Vietnam War, against the Vietcong in the 20-year war.

Middle East

As the Cold War ended, the US retained a policing role.

Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait in 1990 and the US led a group allies to stop the invasion and return Kuwait to its independent status→ Gulf War..

After the September 11th 2001 attacks; the US declared war in Afghanistan on October 7th, 2001

Declared war in Iraq on March 20th, 2003.→ Iraq war was declared over on December 15th, 2011, but the US armed forces remain in Iraq

46 US military bases spread through 11 different Middle Eastern countries in 2020

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UbpoC2Y9DIA

Pre-colonial Development of Canada

known for large amounts of soil and natural resources: fur, timber, fish, minerals.

North-West Indians tribes existed near rivers, that ran to the sea. The Plain Indians often traveled over large areas of grass while hunting and gathering.

European contact initiated with the Norsemen arriving (Scandinavians Vikings seeking fortunes elsewhere) in the 10th century, along the northeast coast .

19th & 20th c Canada

Canada remained under British control

began a slow process of independence with Confederation in 1867

After the civil war in 1865, the possibility of high earnings in Canada led to the large increase of immigrants→ immigration boom eventually slowed as political & economic restrictions were implemented.

By 1914 Canada became increasingly interconnected with the world economy.

In 1965, Canadian flag is adopted, replacing one which had incorporated the British flag.

1991 Canada assists in the Gulf War following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait.