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Contents

1. I. Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Geography

   1. 1.1 Geography: The Science of Where, How, and Why

   2. 1. 1.2 Scientific Inquiry

   3. 2. 1.3 Geographic Perspective

   4. 3. 1.4 Map Interpretation

   5. 4. 1.5 Geospatial Technology

   6. 5. 1.6 References

2. II. Chapter 2: Population and Migration

   1. 2.1 Population

   2. 2.2 Demographic Transition Model

   3. 2.4 Migration

   4. 6. 2.5 References

   5. 2.3 Overpopulation

3. III. Chapter 3: Cultural Patterns and Processes

   1. 3.1 Understanding Race and Ethnicity

   2. 3.2 Understanding Culture

   3. 3.3 Geography of World Languages

   4. 3.4 Geography of World Religions

   5. 3.5 References

4. IV. Chapter 4: Political Borders, Boundaries, and Governments

   1. 4.1 Defining Nation-States

   2. 4.2 Political Identities

   3. 4.4 Challenges to Nation-States

   4. 4.5 References

5. V. Chapter 5: Food, Water, and Agriculture

   1. 5.1 The Roots of Agriculture

   2. 5.2 Types of Agriculture

   3. 5.3 Agricultural Regions

   4. 5.4 Population and Food Production

   5. 5.5 Environmental Impact of Agriculture

   6. 7. 5.6 References

6. VI. Chapter 6: Rural and Urban Landscapes

   1. 8. 6.1 Defining Cities and Urban Centers

   2. 9. 6.2 Megacities and Urban Sprawl

   3. 10. 6.3 Cities as Cultural and Economic Centers

   4. 11. 6.4 Cities as Environmental and Sustainable Centers

   5. 12. 6.5 References

7. VII. Chapter 7: Sustainable Development

   1. 13. 7.1 The Industrial Revolution

   2. 14. 7.2 Economic Geography

   3. 15. 7.3 Human Development Index

   4. 16. 7.4 Social and Economic Inequality

   5. 17. 7.5 Globalization and International Trade

   6. 18. 7.6 Sustainable Development

   7. 19. 7.7 References

8. VIII. Chapter 8: Global Environmental Issues

   1. 20. 8.1 Depletion of Natural Resources

   2. 21. 8.4 Renewable Resources

   3. 22. 8.2 Environmental Pollution

   4. 23. 8.3 Anthropocentric Climate Change

   5. 24. 8.5 References

People, Places, and Cultures

13 7.1 The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution began in England, which was by 1750, one of the wealthiest nations in the world and controlled an empire that covered one-quarter of the world’s landmass. It started with England’s textile industry, which was struggling to produce goods cheaper and faster for growing consumer markets. Making cloth, by hand, for pants, shirts, socks, bedspreads, and other domestic items had always required lots of skill and time.