Social Science Assignment M

The Twentieth Century and Beyond

“We find ourselves confronted with a new logic of music that would have appeared unthinkable to the masters of the past. This new logic has opened our eyes to riches whose existence we never suspected.”

Igor Stravinsky

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Twentieth Century and Beyond

Abolishment of tradition and a pursuit for novelty

Abstract art works, based on color and forms that challenge conventions, became a hallmark of the period

Architects eliminated elements of ornamentation and focused on smooth, clean lines

Novelists started writing in an unbroken “stream of consciousness,” in which readers were often at a loss to decipher any clear story line

Music explored tone-color over form, all sounds were embraced

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Important Events (1900-1945) / (1946-2020)

1900- Freud- Interpretation of Dreams 1903- Wright brothers first powered flight 1905- Einstein, special theory of relativity 1914-1918- First world War 1917- Russian Revolution begins 1929- Great Depression begins 1929-1953- Stalin dictator of Soviet Union 1933- Franklin d. Roosevelt inaugurated 1933- Hitler appointed chancellor of Germany 1939-1945- Second World War 1945- Atomic bomb destroys Hiroshima 1950-1953- Korean War 1953- Crick and Watson discover the structure of DNA 1955-1975- Vietnam War 1959- Fidel Castro becomes premier of Cuba 1963- President Kennedy assassinated 1969- American astronauts land on the moon 1974 - President Nixon resigns 1981- Ronald Reagan inaugurated 1990- Reunification of Germany 1991- Dissolution of the Soviet Union 1994- Mandela elected president of South Africa

2001- Terrorist attacks in United States on September 11

2003- War in Iraq begins 2004- Tsunami in Asia 2005- New Orleans flooded 2007- Worldwide recession 2009- Barack Obama inaugurated 2012- Barack Obama reelected 2016- Donald Trump elected president 2020- Corona Virus Outbreak Worldwide

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Important Works MONET 1889- Van Gogh- The Starry Night 1893- Munch- The Scream 1907- Picasso, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon 1910- Henri Matisse- Dance 1913- Kirchner- Street, Berlin 1914- Kandinsky- panels for Edward R. Campbell 1915- Kafka- The Metamorphosis 1922- Eliot- The Waste Land 1922- Joyce- Ulysses 1929- Faulkner- The Sound and the Fury 1932- Picasso- Girl before a Mirror 1940-1941- Lawrence- The Migration Series 1942- Camus- The Stranger 1946- Sartre- Existentialism and Humanism 1948- Mailer- The Naked and the Dead 1950- Pollock- One 1951- Salinger- Catcher in the Rye 1955- Baldwin- Notes of a Native son 1962- Warhol- Campbell’s Soup Cans 1964- Riley- Hesitate 1967- Frankenthaler- Flood

1974 - Solzhenitsyn- The Gulag Archipelago 1988- Morrison- Beloved 1990- Hockney- Thrusting Rocks 1996- Larson- Rent 2002- Kiefer- The Sky Palace 2002- Parks- Topdog/Underdog 2003- Gehry- Walt Disney Concert Hall 2005- Rowling- Harry potter and the Half-Blood

prince 2007- Richter- 4900 Colors 2012- Morrison- home 2015- Ai Weiwei’s Bicycle Chandelier 2016- Bob Dylan awarded Nobel prize in literature

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Music and Society

Time of revolt, fundamental changes in the language of music than any preceding time.

Variety of musical styles of the early 20th century reflects the vast diversity of life during this time. American society was a mosaic of different cultures and traditions. US becomes an important force in music.

Women and people of color began to play major roles in professional music making.

American colleges and universities become important patrons of music.

Ragtime, Jazz, Rock, and Hip Hop all became part of mainstream, American culture.

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Technology

1877: Thomas Edison invented the cylinder disk

1897: 78 rpm (revolutions per minute)

1920: Radio Stations first appear

1940: Audiotape (composers could splice and re-record)

Listeners were able to hear music without the physical presence of performing musicians (radio, CDs, MP3, live streaming, etc).

Sound Recordings, Film, Television, Radio, Computers, Satellites and the Internet= revolution in communication. New modes for hearing music, bringing it to larger audiences and increasing the availability of music for everyone

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Important Trends Impressionism, Symbolism, Expressionism, Neoclassicism, Nationalism, Modernism, Serialism, Chance Music, Minimalism, Musical Quotation, Polystylism, Return to Tonality, Electronic Music, Liberation of Sound, Mixed Media

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Twentieth Century & Beyond- Music Tone color became a more important element of music than before

Noise like and percussive sounds are used more often

There is less emphasis on blended sound, and individual tone colors are highlighted

Melodies often are no longer tied to traditional chords

Traditional distinctions between consonance and dissonance were often abandoned

New chord structures and alternatives to the traditional tonal system were explored

Rhythm becomes one of the most striking elements, used to generate power, drive and excitement

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Kamien- Music: An Appreciation, 9 ed., p. 416

Twentieth Century & Beyond- Music since 1945

The 12-tone system was expanded to include elements other than pitch, such as rhythm, timbre and dynamics

The element of chance was introduced to music composition and performance The mid-1960’s saw the development of minimalist music, characterized by a steady

pulse, clear tonality, and insistent repetition of short melodic patterns In quotation music, composers deliberately make extensive use of quotations from

earlier music Polystylism becomes an important trend with a greater use of different styles and

techniques in a composition Some composers have embraced tonal music and a return to tonality The introduction of tape studios, synthesizers, computers, and mixed media are

notable developments The greatest expansion and experimentation have involved traditional and new,

unusual percussion instruments Rhythm and form have undergone some of the most striking changes in music since

1945

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Kamien- Music: An Appreciation, 9 ed., p.416

Twentieth Century -Genres & Styles

Vocal: Art Songs, Opera, Musicals

Instrumental: Character Pieces, Program Music, Chamber Music, Film Music, Ballet

New Styles: Ragtime, Blues, Swing, Jazz, Bebop, Gospel, R & B (Motown), Rock N Roll, Punk, Disco, Hip Hop- Rap, Funk, Reggae, Fusion

… and many more…

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Twentieth Century - Composers & Works

Claude Debussy (1862-1918)- Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun (Prelude a l’Apres-

mid d’un faune )

Maurice Ravel (1875-1937)- Une Barque sur l’Océan

Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971)- The Rite of Spring - Part II: Sacrificial Dance

Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951)- Pierrot Lunaire, Op. 21 No. 1 (Moondrunk)

Béla Bartók (1881-1945)- Allegro Barbaro

George Gershwin (1898-1937)- Rhapsody in Blue; Porgy and Bess- Summertime

William Grant Still (1895-1978)- Afro-American Symphony III. Animato

Aaron Copland (1900-1990)- Hoedown from Rodeo Hoedown;

John Cage (1912 -1992)- Sonata II for prepared piano

John Adams (b. 1947)- Short Ride in a Fast Machine

Edgard Varèse (1883-1965)- Poème Electronique

Tania León (b. 1943)- Inura- Excerpts 12

Claude Debussy (1862-1918)

Prélude à l'Après-midi d'un faune (Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun) Trend: Impressionism Genre:

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Maurice Ravel(1875-1937)

Une Barque sur l’Océan (A boat on the Ocean) Trend: Impressionism Genre:

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Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971)

The Rite of Spring (Part II: Sacrificial Dance) Trend: Modernism Genre: Ballet

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Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951)

Pierrot Lunaire, Op. 21 No. 1 (Mondestrunken) Trend: Expressionism Genre:

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Béla Bartók (1881-1945)

Allegro Barbaro Trend: Modernism (Primitivism) Genre:

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George Gershwin (1898-1937)

Summertime from Porgy and Bess Trend: (Nationalism), In this version: jazz Genre: (Aria from opera), In this version: song

Rhapsody in Blue Trend: Genre:

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William Grant Still (1895-1978)

Afro-American Symphony, III. Animato Trend: Nationalism Genre: Symphony

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Aaron Copland (1900-1990)

Hoedown from Rodeo Trend: Nationalism Genre: Ballet

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John Cage (1912-1992)

Sonata II for prepared piano Trend: Genre:

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John Adams (b. 1947)

Short Ride in a Fast Machine Trend: Minimalism Genre:

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Edgard Varèse (1883-1965)

Poème Electronique Trend: Electronic Music, Liberation of Sound Genre:

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Tania León (b. 1943)

Inura- (Excerpts) Trend: Genre: Ballet, suite

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