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6THESCRAMBLEFORAFRICA.pptxTHE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA (See Video Scramble for Africa)
COMMERCE, CHRISTIANITY, CIVILIZATION (Short Answer #13) MISSIONARY IMPERIALISM (Short Answer #11)
BERLIN CONFERENCE 1884-1885 (Short Answer #5)
COLLABORATION AND RESISTANCE (#4, #8, #9 & #10)
THE MINERAL REVOLUTION
COMMERCE, CHRISTIANITY, AND CIVILIZATION
COMMERCE, CHRISTIANITY, AND CIVILIZATION (Short Answer #13)
Stage #1: European contact began with COMMERCE Explorers & Traders looking for gold and other precious metals; An introduction to the legitimate trade items led British traders to secure raw materials for the industrial revolution headed
Stage #2: Soon after Missionaries (CHRISTIANITY) arrived at trading forts on the coast & then moved into the interior (Missionary Imperialism short answer #11)
Stage #3 In an attempt to control the source of minerals and raw materials Governments sent their armies ; European Culture & CIVILIZATION IMPOSED on the Africans
1. Language 3. Religion 5. International
2. Education 4. Government Borders
EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY—IMPLIES THE INVESTIGATION OF SOMETHING NEVER BEFORE FOUND
Stage #1: EUROPEAN EXPLORERS (Represented country)
James Bruce (British)1768—visited present-day Ethiopia
Rene Caillie (French)1827—Timbuktu
Mungo Park (British) sailed the Niger River—died in present-day Nigeria
Sir Richard Burton And Sir John Hanning Speke (British) discovered the headwaters of the Nile River—the White Nile descending from Lake Victoria
David Livingstone (British) Missionary and Medical Doctor
Heinrich Barth (Germany)Timbuktu
Henry Stanley (American financed by the Belgian King) 1874-1877 was a newspaper reporter who went in search of Doctor Livingstone in present-day Zimbabwe and is famous for the phrase “Doctor Livingstone I Presume.” He crossed the Continent His trip was paid for by King Leopold II of Belgium so he could claim all of the territory that Stanley explored. It was his personal property (not that of Belgium)
EXPLORER JAMES BRUCE (1730-1794) EXPLORES GONDAR IN AXUM
MUNGO PARK(1771-1806) EXPLORES THE NIGER RIVER
QUININE
The invention of Quinine enabled Europeans to stay longer in the Malarial areas
SIR RICHARD FRANCIS BURTON (1821-1890) JOHN HANNING SPEKE (1827-1864)
Burton and Speke went in search of the Source of the Nile (Victoria)
Burton was injured
Speke made a claim of finding the Source—Lake Victoria—without scientific instruments
Drove a wedge between the two
Speke was Right
Burton Speke
DAVID LIVINGSTONE (1813-1873)
Missionary
Doctor
Travels to East Africa in 1840 And 1864
“Found” and Named Victoria Falls
HENRY MORTON STANLEY (1841-1904)
George Bennett, publisher of the New York Herald, to commission newspaper reporter Henry Stanley to find Livingstone.
Leading an expedition of approximately 200 men, Stanley headed into the interior from the eastern shore of Africa on March 21, 1871. After nearly eight months he found Livingstone in Ujiji, a small village on the shore of Lake Tanganyika on November 10, 1871.
Famous Quotation: “Dr. Livingston, I Presume”
Failing to enlist British interests in the development of the Congo region, Stanley was sponsored by the king of Belgium, Leopold II, whose secret ambition it was to annex the region for himself. From August 1879 to June 1884 Stanley was in the Congo basin, where he built a road from the lower Congo up to Stanley Pool and launched steamers on the upper river.
ROYAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY
British Explorers presented their findings to the Royal Geographic Society
ROYAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY
MISSIONARIES
Stage #2: EUROPEAN Christian Denominations and groups sent European Missions:
Catholics
Church Missionary Society
London Missionary Society
Dutch Reformed Church
Moravian Mission
Mission of the Soudan (West Soudan)—SIM
Less than One Percent of Non-Muslims Became Christian because Christianity could NOT BLEND with African culture as African Culture could Blend with Islam. African culture included more than one wife while Christianity said one man/one wife; In African Culture women were leaders in indigenous religion, but Christianity only allowed them to clean and cook.
A SLAVE BECAME A MISSIONARY
Episcopal Bishop Samuel Ajai Crowther Nigeria (1806-1892)
Taken as a slave; Liberated and sent back to Africa to Sierra Leone where he studied with the Missionaries
Product of the Missionary Movement
Focused on Languages
Translation of the Bible into Yoruba his birth Language
1850s Missionaries sent him to minister to Yoruba speakers at the Mission at Abeokuta
Niger Mission
MISSIONARY IMPERIALISM
(Short Answer #11)
EUROPEAN Missionaries became ADVISORS to AFRICAN Leaders
They Shaped European Colonialism by using their influence with the African Leaders to benefit the Europeans. They translated for and advised African leaders with the Hidden Agenda that the Africans would come under European control
1. Missionaries at All Trading Stations
2. Moshoeshoe (mo-shesh-sway) of present-day Lesotho invited Missionaries to advise him and protect him from the Boer South Africans who wanted to enslave him.
3. Missionaries always pushed the envelop with the indigenous Africans to the point of war whereupon the Missionaries would call upon their governments to send troops
A. 1880s Malawi the Missionaries called upon the British to stop slave trading
B. German Missionaries in Namibia call upon their government to created a Protectorate
C. 1888 British Missionary Rev. Charles Daniel Helm (London Missionary Society) lied to King Lobengula so he would give his land to Land Speculators (Representing Cecil Rhodes) (Short Answer #9)
MOSHOESHOE
Basotholand ( present-day Lesotho) under attack by Boers (Dutch/German/British descendants in present-day South Africa)
Moshoeshoe (mo-shesh-sway) led through Diplomacy
To protect the Sotho speakers from enslavement by the Boers, He Invited the London Missionary Society to establish a Mission
Boers could not say that their conquest would bring Christianity
When the Boers continued the threat to bring Civilization, Moshoeshoe invited the British government to form a protectorate to keep out the Boers
Moshoeshoe
LOBENGULA (1833-1894)
Founder of the Matabele Nation; Ndebele on the Zimbabwe plateau
Cecil Rhodes asked for permission to dig for minerals; British tricked Lobengula so that the British could secure gold producing land of ancient Zimbabwe
The Reverend Charles Daniel Helm
London Missionary Society
Respected by Lobengula for his integrity
Concession 1888 (Short Answer #9)
AFRICAN STATES ON THE EVE OF PARTITION
THE EUROPEAN CONTEXT
Free Trade
1. Britain was the Leader in Industrial Production
2. Wanted to buy cheap raw materials from the Africans to make Cheaper Products
3. Wants Free Trade to Export the manufactured products at a high price to the Africans
1860s the Rest of Europe Catching Up
European Markets are Saturated—need more people to buy products—need to control Africans to force them to purchase their products
Shift To Governmental Protection
1.Colonies or Protected Areas
2. Control Products: Gold, Diamonds, Rubber, Vegetable Oils (Palm Oil, Peanut Oil) [Palm Oil was sticky, Peanuts were brought from South America (the Columbian Trade) to Africa and given to Africans to grow as a cash crop (Africans do not eat peanuts). Peanut oil is clear and would not gum up the factory machines]
EUROPEAN CONTROL BY 1880
European control along the coast and not in the interior
Interest in a monopoly in trade
DIVIDING THE CONTINENT: THE BERLIN CONFERENCE 1884-1885
Stage #3 Europeans Attempt to Consolidate Control and have a Monopoly over Minerals/Raw Materials and Markets
Leopold II Belgium Convinces Otto Von Bismarck of Germany to call the Conference to get in on the Colonies because he financed Stanley’s travels he has claim to a large area in central Africa (present-day Congo)
Bismarck called for the Berlin West Africa Conference 1884-1885
Results in the International European Agreement For Carving Up Africa (including the interior)
Claims Must Be Recognized if Territory Was Effectively Occupied—”spheres of Influence”
Series of European Treaties 1890-1891 Confirmed Colonial Boundaries which become today’s international boundaries (Short Answer #5)
KING LEOPOLD II OF BELGIUM (1853-1909)
MOTIVE for Calling the Conference: Financed Henry Stanley’s Exploration of the Congo (slide #10)
OTTO VON BISMARCK (1858-1898)
Germany and Italy each became a Nation States c.1870. These two European States had not had the opportunity to “Scramble” for African Commercial Territories so they would have been left out. A “sit-down” with the other Europeans States would assure them of an “Equal” share of the “African Cake”.
BERLIN WEST AFRICA CONFERENCE 1884-1885
PROTECTORATES
Pre-Conference Protectorates
1. France—Senegal River
2. British—Gold Coast (present-day Ghana); Lagos (present-day Nigeria)
3. Belgium—Belgian Congo State (present-day Zaire/Congo)
Post-Conference Protectorates formed
Germans—Togo, Kamerun, and South West Africa (present-day Namibia), German East Africa (present-day Tanzania)
KING LEOPOLD VALIDATED BY THE TRAVELS OF HENRY STANLEY
COLONIAL PARTITION
THE BRITISH WORLD
“The Sun Never Set on the British Empire” is a famous quote; BUT The sun never set on the French Empire although it was much smaller
CARTOON
BRITAIN TAKES
IT ALL
COLLABORATION & RESISTANCE
BATTLE ISANDLWANA 1879 (Zulu won)
PREMPEH I 1898 (Asante)
YAA ASANTEWA 1900 (Asante)
SAMORI TOURE 1898 (Maninka)
MENELIK II 1898 (Ethiopia)
MAJI MAJI REBELLION GERMAN EAST AFRICA 1904
SOUTH AFRICAN WAR 1899-1902
ZULU WARRIORS (LATE 19TH CENTURY)
SAME TIME PERIOD AS ISANDLWANA
BATTLE ISANDLWANA ONE BATTLE OF THE ANGLO-ZULU WAR
The British had been warned by the local Boers (Dutch Descendants) to protect themselves by circling their wagons
The British did it their way
The surprise attack launched by the Zulu struck with such speed and agility that the unprotected British were caught off guard
British then had a problem opening their ammunition
See Video Cecil Rhodes and Zulu Massacre
BRITISH LOST JANUARY 22, 1879
RESISTANCE PERIOD 1890-1920
Africans did not just accept the European takeover. This is just a partial list of Rebellions, Locations and Dates to point out the ongoing struggle to resist the conquest
Ekineku Rebellion in Nigeria 1893-1906
Shona in Zimbabwe 1896-97
Hut Tax Rebellion in Sierra Leone 1898
Asante Rebellion 1900
Maji Maji Rebellion 1904
Zulu 1906
Mossi Rebellions 1908-1914
Gurunsi of Burkina Faso 1915-1916
Egba Rebellion in Nigeria 1918 (See Video: Pacification)
THE BRITISH IN WEST AFRICA
British wanted to control the “Oil Rivers” so called because this was the home of Oil Palm—They pressed oil from the nuts that the British used to lubricate their machines
Location: The Mouth of the Niger River; Niger Delta Various indigenous ethnic groups live here including the Yoruba speakers and the Igbo speakers
1. George Goldie headed the National African Company--bought the palm nuts from the locals (used to make palm oil to lubricate machines)
2. Until the Steam Engine powered ships, the Europeans waited at the Coast & the Canoe Houses transported the Palm Nuts to them Jaja of Opobo was the leader of such a canoe house
3. With the Steam Engine, European ships could travel up the “rivers” & put the canoe houses out of business
4. Resistance to the transportation takeover
JAJA OF OPOBO
THE BRITISH IN WEST AFRICA: THE ASHANTI
The British were unable to conquer the Ashanti because the empire capital, Kumasi, was 1330 miles inland
This was the last of the gold fields—the Akan gold fields and Kumasi stood between the coast and the gold fields.
The British called this the Gold Coast (hence the colonial name “Gold Coast”
The cousins of the Ashanti, the Fante, lived along the coast and had been conquered by the Ashanti. They saw the Europeans as liberators so they sided with the British and helped the British to defeat the Ashanti in1870; This date predates the “Scramble” so the British did not try to take it as a protectorate
They did establish a small fort at Kumasi—Ft. George (See Video: Ashanti)
PREMPEH I
At the time of the “European Scramble” Prempeh I (1872-1931) was the leader of the Ashanti Empire, The Asantehene
Rather than subject his people to the annihilation experienced in 1870; Prempeh protected his people by surrendering to the British
The British Exiled him And all Royal males to the Seychelles Islands so that the legitimate indigenous leaders could Not contest the British takeover
[The Ashanti are a Matrilineal Ethnic Group. The Royal Women choose which Royal Male will rule. The Ashanti became one Empire with the consolidation of all the royal stools under Osei Tutu who created The Golden Stool to represent all of the Ancestors] (Short Answer #8)
Prempeh I negotiation with British General Sir Francis Scott 1896
THE GOLDEN STOOL SITS ON ITS OWN THRONE—NEVER TOUCHES THE GROUND NO ONE SITS ON IT
KISSING THE BOOTS OF THE NEW LEADERS
The British Governor, Sir Frederick Hodgson forced The Asantehene to kiss his boots as the final Act of Humiliation
The Asantehene left for exile with his royal brothers And the strongest Royal Women
Hodgson, demanded to sit on the Golden Stool
REPLICA
YAA ASANTEWAA
Yaa Asantewaa (1850-1920) was one of the lesser Royal Mothers
Outraged at the Demand to sit on the Golden Stool
Rallies Remaining Royals and others to fight the British—leads wielding a machete and using a 300 shot gun
The Golden Stool War
Lays Siege to Fort George—British reduced to eating rats because reinforcements are being held at the coast
British finally prevail
It takes 3 years to finally catch the elusive Yaa Asantewaa
BRITISH EAST AFRICA
Portugal’s reign over Mombasa, Kenya lasted for approximately 200 years
Overthrown by the Omani Arabs
BRITISH EAST AFRICA
Supported the claims of the Sultan of Zanzibar
Want Free Trade And Access to the Mainland
The British took control of Mombasa in 1895, after the sultan of Zanzibar leased the town to the British.
Promoted Omani Arabs to important posts
The British East African Protectorate was established and promoted European colonization of Kenya lands and resources.
BRITISH EAST AFRICA
Kenya—Settler Colony 1900
Settler Colony: Whites (British in this case) move from their homes to the Kenya Protectorate without plan to return home. They take only the land where they can live (non-malarial) and begin production in ths case the Kenyan Highlands where malaria is scared due to vertical climate (Short Answer #7)
(See Video: Settlers)
The East African Railway—Uganda Railway
RESISTANCE
Mazrui Rebellion
1899 outside Mombasa
THE GERMANS IN EAST AFRICA
The German State came into existence in 1870 so it was behind the others in getting colonies
Set boundaries with the British for the colony of Tanganyika 1886-1890
Queen Victoria gave her German Cousin, the King, Mt. Kilimanjaro as a birthday present. The only thing they had to do was to redraw the international boundaries on the map.
Widespread Resistance to German Takeover
THE MAJI MAJI REBELLION 1904
MAJI MAJI REBELLION GERMAN EAST AFRICA (1905-1906)
In Tangnyika
The local Prophet Kinjikitke looked for a way to get rid of the Europeans (Germans).
Created a Medicine Water—Maji Water
BELIEF: That the water had magical properties and that them maji maji water would protect the indigenous troops from being harmed by German bullets in the fight against the Germans
Result—German massacre of the indigenous people
THE FRENCH IN WEST AFRICA
Tukolor Empire of Al-Hajj Oumar Taal (1797-1864) (The French Meet His Son Ahmadu Seku) See Power Point Early Modern Africa
Mandinka Empire Of Samori Toure (1830-1900) Army of 30,000 (Short Answer #4)
To Avoid a War on Two Fronts The French Made War on one and an Alliance with the other—played Oumar Taal off against Samori Toure until they conquered both
Futa Bondu State (Upper Gambia) Mamadu Lamine Drame
BORNO EMPIRE (Parts of Chad And Nigeria) RABIN Ibn FADL ALLAH AND HIS SON FADL ALLAH Ibn RABIN One Of The Mahdi’s Disciples
Dahomey Welcomed The French As Liberators From The Yoruba
Cote D’ivoire—no Centralized Authority
Gabon—for Returnees
WASSOULOU EMPIRE
Samori Toure (1830-1900)
Nominal Muslim from Guinea
Capital Bissandougou
Became a Muslim as a Strategy to Unify the Region
Promoted Islamic Education and the Building of Mosques
Tried to Recreate the Malian Empire
Took over the Dyula Trade Routes and the Center Of Kankan (Guinea)
Claimed Jihad in Conquering Territory that was Already Muslim
Title Almamy—commander of Believers
Imported Weapons from the British at Freetown, Sierra Leone (Breech Loading Rifles)
Empire from Guinea and Mali Eastward into Present Day Cote D’Ivoire
Response to French was to Move Empire over Through Conquest but Lost His Support Base
Defeated by the French In 1896 (Short Answer #4)
FUTA BONDU STATE
UPPER GAMBIA
THE BELIAN KING’S CONGO FREE STATE
TIPPU TIP (1837-1905)
Zanzabari Slave Merchant
Worked In The Zambezi Watershed
Given the Katanga Province by the Belgians to Move the Ivory Trade from the East to the West in 1887
SOUTH AFRICA, ZIMBABWE, & CECIL RHODES
Prime Minister of the Cape Colony
Founder of De Beers Corporation
Mineral Revolution In Diamonds and Gold
Moves To Zimbabwe
1. Gold Mines of The Rozvi And Mutapa Empires
2. Leadership of Lobengula Deliberately Misled by The Missionary Reverend Helm 1888
CONFLICT: British vs. Dutch Descendants called Boers now called Afrikaners over Gold and Diamonds
SOUTH AFRICA WAR 1899-1902
BOERS 1ST QUEENSLAND MOUNTED
ETHNIC v. COLONIAL BOUNDARIES
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ETHNIC
