Sports Science (No plagarism, A+ work)

6A This week, you are learning about inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning moves from specific instances to a general conclusion while deductive reasoning is the opposite--it moves from a true generalizable principle known to be true to a specific conclusion. For this forum, provide an example of inductive reasoning and an example of deductive reasoning. Do you feel most research uses deductive reasoning or inductive reasoning?

Peer Responses: Students are required to respond to at least two (2) other student’s initial postings (and the instructor) with significant comments that have substance. Peer responses are due no later than 11:55 p.m. ET on Sunday, Day 7 of each week. All peer responses must be substantial and significant and should be no less than 100 words

RESPOND TO STUDENTS

WARSH

Good morning all,

After reading through the lessons I was able to grasp a much better understanding of inductive and deductive research. I realized when I was gaining a better understanding of what inductive and deductive research techniques are that, I was generally using inductive or deductive research techniques any time I was doing research without even noticing it. According to Chapman (2009), “deduction is a form of reasoning in which one proceeds from general principles or laws to specific cases. Induction is a form of reasoning in which one arrives at a general principles or laws by generalizing over specific cases” (p.48).

The best description I found that helped me understand deductive reasoning was; A = B, and B=C, therefore A=C. A valid example of this would be, Labradors are dogs, dogs are animals, and therefore Labradors are animals.  

Inductive reasoning is usually used when very little existing knowledge is available. Inductive reasoning generally has three steps; an observation, observe a pattern, develop a theory. AN example on inductive reasoning would be, a low-cost hotel is booked, another 5 low-cost hotel rooms are booked, and therefore low-cost hotels are always booked.

Inductive and deductive reasoning can both be used in research studies, I think it depends on what you’re trying to discover. If you’re trying to test hypothesis and theories through experimentation then you would want to use a deductive approach. If you have a topic of interest with little known information or data you should use an inductive approach to form a hypothesis or theory.

Reference:

Chapman, S., & Routledge, C. (2009). Induction/Deduction. Key ideas in linguistics and the philosophy of language. Edinburgh University Press.

JJ

Induction is described as generalizing a conclusion from a single or more phenomenon based on specific observation, whereas deduction is described as applying reasoning to general theories and principles to come to a specific conclusion (Meng, n.d.).

The best description I’ve heard to differentiate inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning is that induction starts at the bottom and works its way up, whereas deduction starts at the top and works its way down.  In the many versions of Sherlock Holmes, his methods of case solving are often described as deduction, but in most portrayals his methods of case solving are done with induction.  

An example of deductive reasoning would be a mathematical proof, such as the Pythagorean Theorum.  An example of inductive reasoning would be I’ve met several people from England, they all liked tea, so I conclude that everyone from England likes tea.

References

Meng, H.  (n.d.).  The relationship between reduction and deductive & inductive reasoning.  Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fa34/2b77370c6743519c2432f13654dd952525ac.pdf

6B RESPOND TO PEER

Peer Responses: Students are required to respond to at least two (2) other student’s initial postings (and the instructor) with significant comments that have substance. Peer responses are due no later than 11:55 p.m. ET on Sunday, Day 7 of each week. All peer responses must be substantial and significant and should be no less than 150 words

WARS

The scientific peer-reviewed article I chose that focuses on our assigned topic; find an article on sports nutrition to discover what an athlete eats is critical for their success is titled, “Influence of nutrition and genetics on performance: a pilot study”. A lot of factors can affect ones day to day performance, some example could be: sleep, genetics, stress, mental alertness, or nutrition. The study I picked focuses on nutrition and genetics and how they play a factor in energy levels during a gymnastics practice. This research study was designed to survey 17 girls aged between the ages of 10-14. Before one practice the girls were given a carbohydrate based snack before and after the practice. On a different day they were given a protein based snack before and after the practice.  The study concluded that the girls had more energy on the days where they ate a carbohydrate heavy snack than the days when they ate a protein based snack. The girls claimed that in addition to having more energy they also said their performance improved after eating a carbohydrate snack versus when they ate a protein snack.

I do not think the study can draw a definitive conclusion. I believe that the sample size was way too small and only used one sport. For the study to draw a better conclusion it should have: used both male and females, had more athletes studied, used different areas of the country, used different types of carbohydrate and protein based snacks, and the study should have been over the course of a few months. The study needs to be longer due to the multiple factors that I mentioned above resulting in day to day performance. If you did not get much sleep the night before training, than that will play a major effect on your performance, it would not matter whether you eat a carbohydrate or protein based snack.

I believe that nutrition does play a major role in sports success. I tend to eat clean Monday through Saturday and splurge and eat unhealthier options on Sunday. I play soccer on Monday nights and Thursday nights, and I always have less energy on Monday nights during the game than I do on Thursday nights and I believe it is because I eat a lot worse on Sunday. Whereas by Thursday night I have four consecutive days of eating healthy leading up to my game and I always feel faster, and have better performances.

References:

Amato, A., Contro, V., Galassi, C., Proia. P., Macchiarella, A., Sabatino, E., & Sacco, A. (2017). Influence of nutrition and genetics on performance: a pilot study. Human Movement. Vol 18, p, 12-16.

DECK

My selected source for this week’s forum is titled “Timing, Optimal Dose and Intake Duration of Dietary Supplements with Evidence-Based Use in Sports Nutrition” from the Journal of Exercise Nutrition and Biochemistry.

In this study, researchers looked at optimal timing for main dietary supplements such as beta-alanine, nitrate, caffeine, creatine, sodium bicarbonate, carbohydrates, and protein. Some of the findings were very interesting such as “abstention from caffeinated foods and beverages for a few days prior to an event may maximize performance effects. Recently, however, morning ingestion of caffeine improved neuromuscular function (contraction velocity.)” (Naderi et al., 2016) Researches also discovered that 3-6 mg/kg of bodyweight taken 30-60 minutes before exercises increases time until exhaustion, improved work capacity, and reduced perception of effort during exercise.

Creatine loading, or taking in 3 – 5 g of protein a day for several weeks, has been shown to increase levels. Excess levels can enhance glycogen storage, increase the capacity of the phosphagen energy system, and play a role in gene transcription. However, timing is the most important component to reap the benefits. The first study on creatine that was conducted found that post-exercise creatine ingestion is far more beneficial in comparison to pre-workout creatine. Similar results were discovered for a majority of the different supplements.

The conclusion of this study was that “Several nutritional sports foods and supplements are effective at influencing energy supply, with substantial evidence for carbohydrate and creatine supplements and for physiological buffering agents such as β-alanine and sodium bicarbonate.” (Naderi et al. 2016) I think that the study made appropriate conclusions from the data, and that it was designed to correctly to address the hypothesis.

I think that this article was very informed, and presented a wide variety of information that many more people should use. One of the most important ones that was covered was the protein window, and showing that there is no “30 minute anabolic window” after the gym, where either you get protein in or lose your hard work. The study showed that it was actually 16-48 hours, and that Caesin right before sleep actually helped with recovery more while the person was sleeping. Overall I think it was a very useful and interesting article that more people should take the time to read if they work out or train in any capacity.

 

Reference:

Naderi, A., de Oliveira, E., Ziegenfuss, T., Willems, M., & Naderi, A. (2016). Timing, Optimal Dose and Intake Duration of Dietary Supplements with Evidence-Based Use in Sports Nutrition. Journal of Exercise Nutrition & Biochemistry, 20(4), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.20463/jenb.2016.0031