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Advanced Smart Metering Infrastructure for Future Smart Homes

Enrique Rodriguez-Diaz1, Student Member, IEEE, Emilio J. Palacios-Garcı́a2, Student Member, IEEE, Mehdi Savaghebi1, Member, IEEE, Juan C. Vasquez1, Senior Member, IEEE, Josep M. Guerrero1, Fellow, IEEE,

Antonio Moreno-Munoz2, Senior Member, IEEE 1Department of Energy Technology. Aalborg University, Denmark.

2Department of Computer Architecture, Electronics and Electronic Technology. University of Cordoba, Spain.

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract—Smart buildings and homes are becoming a key player in the future green and sustainable energy grid, due to the integration of distributed energy sources and the demand control capabilities. Advanced smart metering systems are required for the operation of the future smart grid. Smart metering systems allow to monitor the energy consumption of end-users, while provides useful information regarding power quality. The information provided by these systems is used by the system operator to enhance the energy supply, and several techniques, as load scheduling, demand sidemanagement, non-intrusive load monitoring, can be applied for this purpose. This paper shows an advanced smart metering infrastructure for integration in future smart homes, where not only the electrical consumption is monitored, but also the gas, water, and heating. Therefore, by monitoring all energy systems in the building, the users could be aware of their whole energy consumption, and advanced control techniques can achieved by the Energy Management Systems (EMS).

Index Terms—Smart homes, Energymanagement,meter read- ing.

I. INTRODUCTION

Inside de global energy consumption in the European Coun-

tries, the residential sector represents and average 30% being

this demand the combination of different energy end-uses that

conform a complex energy mix. In the particular case of

Denmark this percentage is divided in main two groups with

different purposes. The amount of energy used for heating

represent 83% of the consumed in the residential sector,

whereas 17% is electrical demand [1].

In order to reduce these figures, new energy policies and

measures are being studied by researches and government to

achieved a significant impact on the aggregate energy saving

and meet the environmental requirements for CO2 reductions

[2]. However, all these measures need detailed data about the

different demand profiles in households.

In this context, the advanced metering infrastructures (AMI)

play a main role, where the manual data collection has been

substituted by a complex communication chain composed of

data concentrators, hubs, and different control and central units

[3]. This network was initially conceived for the renovation of

the Electrical Grid, nevertheless it might integrates nowadays

This work was supported by the Technology Development and Demonstra- tion Program (EUDP) through the Sino-Danish Project Microgrid Technology Research and Demonstration (meter.et.aau.dk).

EMS

Data Concentrator

Electricity

ZigBee

Radio Mesh

Water

Distric Heating

Data Base

Gateway

In-Home Display

Water Valve

Lights

Power Plug

Fig. 1. Schematic of Smart Metering Infrastructure, Energy Management System and Smart Devices Integration.

gas and water measurements looking towards to a future of

mixed energy systems [4].

In addition, this new concept not only gives the suppliers

access to accurate data for billing, but it also provides a way

to collect information of the end users, and establishing a

two-ways communication. Therefore, the Smart Meters can be

regarded as a costless way of obtaining detailed consumption

profiles that can be used in higher level applications [5].

The first approach could be a simple energy consumption

visualization using In-Home displays [6]. This measure do not

directly influence the end-users’ consumption. Nevertheless, if

the user is aware of the energy demanded and the economical

cost, some energy saving can be induced [7].

Further improvement could be achieved by means of an

Energy Management system (EMS) [8]. Thus, the combina-

tion of advanced control algorithms, detailed measurements

from the SMs, and Smart Devices which can be connected,

disconnected or regulated, will drive to significant savings.

All of these thanks to the development of low cost Personal

Area Networks (PAN) like Zigbee or Bluetooth that allow the

interconnection of the different home appliances [9].

The aim of this paper is to present a real application which is

2015 IEEE 5th International Conference on Consumer Electronics Berlin (ICCE-Berlin)

being development in the Aalborg University, Denmark, where

a whole AMI system from a well-know danish manufacturer

would be integrated inside a Smart Home, equipped with

controllable Smart Devices, energy displays and an EMS.

II. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

The information provided by the AMI system can be

used either for billing purposes by the utility company or

consumption analysis and energy optimisation by the energy

management system. The conceptual integration of the AMI

system, EMS and Smart Home Devices is shown in Fig. 1.

The AMI system is formed by the smart meters, a data

collector, and a database system. Three smart meters are

installed in order to obtained the consumption profiles of

electricity, water and district heating. The water smart meter

is a static ultrasonic flow measurement meter, which also

provides information of the water an ambient temperature.

The ambient temperature is used as a warning about freezing

or unintended high temperatures, while the water temperature

can be used as a quality indicator. The district heating smart

meter provides the heating energy consumption by measuring

the temperature and water consumed. The device calculates

the energy based on the formula in EN 1434-1:2004.

The water and district heating smart meters collect and

send the data to the electricity meter by a wireless M-bus

radio communication (EN 13757-4). The data are sent to the

electricity meter every 16 or 96 seconds depending on the

format selected for the packets. In addition, all this information

exchange is encrypted and protected against unauthorized

monitoring using AES-128.

Regarding the electricity meter, it is designed to measure

bidirectional power flows, as well as several power quality

features, as the total harmonics distortion (THD), power factor,

voltage unbalance, voltage variations, sags and swells. Another

Additional feature of this system is the possibility of remotely

cut or enable the power supply according to demand thresholds

or prepaid tariffs.

All the data collected from the Smart Metering system are

sent to a data concentrator system using a wireless commu-

nication. In this case, a radio mesh topology is used, based

on the standard EN 13757-5. This data concentrator is able

to manage up to 500 Smart Meter and is equipped with

two working modes, automatic meter reading (AMR) and on

demand reading.

Finally, the data packets are transfered from the data concen-

trator to two levels database system using the DLMS/COSEM

standard over Ethernet, GPRS or 3G. The storage system

is composed of a short-term database for the on demand

readings, system events and wireless network optimization

purposes, whereas a long-term database is used for indefinitely

store the consumption profiles with a maximum of 5 minutes

resolution.

Inside the Smart Home, the EMS accesses the information

stored in the AMI database using user defined privileges,

so only the personal data can be read, as well as a SSL

connection. These data together with smart home devices, are

employed in order to apply the advanced control algorithms

(a) Active and Reactive Power Profiles

(b) Voltage Profile

Fig. 2. Scenario 3. Voltage and Reactive Power during a load disturbance, using droop control.

developed at Aalborg University. Therefore, through the smart

devices the EMS control and regulation capabilities over the

home appliances are achieved.

In the future Smart Home, a wide range of Smart Home

Devices are integrated in the system such as power plugs with

metering and switching capability, lighting control equipment,

in-home displays, smart switches/dimmers, air monitoring

devices, and water valves. Every single smart home device will

send and receive information, through a low-power ZigBee

PAN, to a central coordinator device. This device has two

parallel tasks. In the one hand, it works as a gateway providing

data to the EMS. In the other hand, it is responsible of

receiving the commands, when actions need to be taken on

the system, according to the advanced control algorithms.

III. TEST AND RESULTS

The smart meters, and the communication systems with the

EMS and within the AMI has been tested. The smart meters

have been connected to their respective systems, in order to

obtain the measurements. Then the data provided by the smart

meters have been obtained through the data collection system,

using a basic API service. The data provided by the electricity

smart meter is shown in Fig. 2. The voltage, and active and

reactive power, consumed by the experimental setup where the

smart meter is installed, have been monitored for 90 minutes.

It provided measurements of the variables every 5 minutes.

IV. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

This paper has shown the possibilities that can obtained

from the integration of the advanced metering infrastructure

with the concept of Smart Home. A whole real AMI system

has been described, showing the information flow, the com-

munication structure and the different variables that can be

monitored in the system.

Likewise, the in-home system composed of a wide range

of Smart Devices and a central EMS has been illustrated,

being the cornerstone to achieve substantial energy savings

and showing the benefits of low-cost wireless PAN for the

integration of appliances at home, leading to the future Internet

of Things (IoT).

Current works are focused on the development of an infor-

mation interchange system between the central database and

the individual users’ EMS, these results will be presented in

the following papers.

REFERENCES

[1] Danish Technological Institute, “IEA HPP Annex 42 : Heat Pumps in Smart Grids Task 1 ( i ): Market Overview,” vol. 1, no. September, pp. 1–38, 2014.

[2] UNFCCC, “Kyoto Protocol To the United Nations Framework Kyoto Pro- tocol To the United Nations Framework,” Review of European Community and International Environmental Law, vol. 7, pp. 214–217, 1998.

[3] K. D. Craemer and G. Deconinck, “Analysis of State-of-the-art Smart Metering Communication Standards,” Proceedings of the 5th Young Researchers Symposium, pp. 1–6, 2010.

[4] H. Lund, S. Werner, R. Wiltshire, S. Svendsen, J. E. Thorsen, F. Hvelplund, and B. V. Mathiesen, “4th Generation District Heating (4GDH),” Energy, vol. 68, pp. 1–11, Apr. 2014.

[5] J. Zheng, D. W. Gao, and L. Lin, “Smart meters in smart grid: An overview,” in IEEE Green Technologies Conference, 2013, pp. 57–64.

[6] Dong Sik Kim, Beom Jin Chung, Sung-Yong Son, and Jeongjoon Lee, “Developments of the in-home display systems for residential energy monitoring,” in 2013 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Elec- tronics (ICCE). IEEE, Jan. 2013, pp. 108–109.

[7] K. Ehrhardt-martinez, “Changing Habits , Lifestyles and Choices : The Behaviours that Drive Feedback-Induced Energy Savings,” Energy, pp. 202–507, 2010.

[8] F. Staff, “Assessment of Demand Response and Advanced Metering,” Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, p. 139, 2008.

[9] F. Bellido-Outeirino, J. Flores-Arias, M. Linan-Reyes, E. Palacios-garcia, and J. Luna-rodriguez, “Wireless sensor network and stochastic models for household power management,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 483–491, Aug. 2013.

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