Analyze Differences between Theory and Concept Research

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TheoreticalandConceptualFrameworks

Theframeisanabstractideathatencirclesastudy.The choice of the framework in adissertationreflects theunderstandingofthestudy'snature,howitexists,rolesadapted,andtoolsusedbytheresearcher.Theseframeworksaregenerallyblueprintingofthewholedissertation.

The framework is one of the first steps in dissertation writing.A concept is an abstract idea thatisbasedonactualphenomenathatconstitute thedata.Atheoryisasetofconcepts,and thetheoryclarifies the concepts (Grant & Osanloo, 2014).There are two types of frameworks indissertationwriting:Conceptual framework andTheoreticalframework.

A conceptual framework understands how the research problem is bestexplored, how the research will take a specific direction, and the relation betweenthe variables.The conceptual framework generally offers a logical structure of the concepts.Itincludes formal theories, concepts, and findings from the literature.A DBA typically uses aconceptual framework for the dissertation.A theoretical framework is a theoretical assumptionfor the larger context of a study.To examine a topic theoretical framework gives a uniqueperspective.Ph.D. and Applied Degree researchers include theoretical frameworks.Thetheoretical framework provides the groundwork for literature review, methods, andanalysis (Christine & Li, 2015).In this article, the author reviews two examplesof theoreticalframeworksandtwo examplesof conceptualframeworks.

TheoreticalFramework

( 9 ) ( Dissertation Frameworks )

proquest-com.proxy1.ncu.edu/dissertations-theses/effects-risk-size-company-on-business- performance/docview/1400224467/se-2?accountid=28180

In this dissertation, the author, Shereef Balogun, addressed the problem to identify thecompany's effects or risk on business performance resulting from Information Technologyoutsourcing.Theauthorcompletedaquantitativestudyto evaluatetheimpactofoutsourcingITonbusiness performance.

The analysis is done in terms of transaction cost analysis.The transaction cost conceptexpanded using transaction cost economics, a study of the contractual relations and governance.Inthisstudy,organizationmaximizedtheirprofitsbyexchanginginformation.Threedimensionsdetermine the transaction costs:transaction frequency, the transaction's uncertainty, and asset specificity.As per the transaction cost analysis, the hazards of contractingincrease when simple contracts give way to significant deals in the organization.Integratedsystem theory is used to analyze when an organization is involved in outsourcing the ITorganization's network security systems.Integrated systems theory provides a theoreticalframework in terms of profit and risk tradeoff.In this study, integrated systems theory is used tomaximize profit using outsourcing and maintaining network security.The risk and size of theorganization are examined with the growth of outsourcing.Small organizations think that theyarenotwellrecognizedcomparetolargercompanies.Largercompaniesreceivethe bestpackages,and small companies may have to pay more for similar packages.Whether it is small or large,both companies will suffer if the risks are not calculated correctly.Hidden costs need to beconsidered while calculating the risks.Generally, larger companies get the best service withlowerrisks,but thesmallcompanieshave towaitfortheopportunity.Insomecases,smallcompaniesmakegoodrelationswiththeoutsourcingcompaniescomparetolargercompanies,which may changetherisk levels (Balogun, 2013).

Overall, the author used the data to analyze the risk and provides clear evidence of thedifferencebetweenlow-riskandhigh-riskfirms.Theauthoralsoconcludedthatthe sizeoftheorganization does nothave any significantdifference.

Munoz, E. (2017). Exploring morale, motivations, and commitment of employees affected byoutsourcing and divestiture (D.B.A.). Available from Dissertations & Theses @Northcentral University. (1960868768). https://proxy1.ncu.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.proxy1.ncu.edu/dissertations-theses/exploring-morale-motivations-commitment-employees/docview/1960868768/se-2?accountid=28180

Inthisdissertation,Eva Munozaddressedtheeffectsofoutsourcingandhowit affected the organization's attitudes.This author uses multiple qualitative case studies toexplore how the outsourcing process affects employee motivation, morale, and commitment inthe work environment.

In this theoretical framework, the author used the expectancy theory of motivation toclarify the changing role of outsourcing.The three elements that affect motivation areinstrumentality, expectancy, and valence.Hard work produces specific outcomes, and that iscalled instrumentality.Employees receive certain rewards for the effort exerted, and that iscalledexpectancy.Thevaluethatmakesaneffortworthwhileiscalledvalence.Putting all these together motivates individuals to take action (instrumentality) if the outcome (valence) isattractive.In this research study, the author illustrated employees' motivation, morale, andcommitment impactduetooutsourcinganddivestitureexperiences(Munoz, 2017).

Inconclusion,theauthorprovidedamulti-casestudytoexplainemployees'effectsaftersignificant changetransitions.

ConceptualFramework

Layne, S. (2019). Job descriptions as a feedback tool: A quantitative study to improveperformance appraisal practices (D.B.A.). Available from Dissertations & Theses @NorthcentralUniversity.(2320971402).https://proxy1.ncu.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.proxy1.ncu.edu/dissertations-theses/job-descriptions-as-feedback-tool-quantitative/docview/2320971402/se-2?accountid=28180

In this dissertation, the author, Shirley Layne, addressed the employee annual reviewprocess.Theemployee appraisalreviewprocessischangedinthelast fewyears.There has been a change in organizational behaviors in the previous few years. It needs to change the employeeannualperformanceprocess.

In this conceptual framework, the author discussed using the job description to improvethe employee appraisal review.From the job knowledge and skills factor, performanceexpectations need to be outlined.For this study, the author's theories are Fombrun'stheory on organization structure, job characteristics theory, and feedback theory.The jobdescriptions are a vital factor for any organization publishing new jobs or for mergers oracquisitions. Employers use Google to search for jobs at the organizations.A more significantpercentage of applicants start their job search on Google.From this research, job descriptionsare the strategic knowledge tools to evaluate employee performance. They will help addressproblems ofusing the traditionalappraisal process(Layne, 2019).

This study provided information on job knowledge and skills measurement that can be applied in performance objectives in the organization and used to make the performanceappraisalprocessmoreeffective.Thesejobdescriptionsprovidedanewmeasureoffeedback.

Murphy,K.J.(2020).Intra-teamandinter-teamknowledgesharinginmultinationalcorporationagile projects: A qualitative phenomenological study (D.B.A.). Available from Dissertations& Theses @ Northcentral University. (2435230720). https://proxy1.ncu.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.proxy1.ncu.edu/dissertations-theses/intra-team-inter-knowledge-sharing-multinational/docview/2435230720/se-2?accountid=28180

In this dissertation, the author John Murphy addressed how the knowledge-sharingphenomenon impacts agile teams and the customers in any multinational organization.Theauthorusedaqualitativestudytoinvestigatethephenomenon.Theauthorhadinterviewswithmultipleagilepractitioners andcollected numeroussets ofdata.

The author mentioned that knowledge sharing is a component of any agile project management in this conceptual framework.To support large-scale software development,organizations use a scaled agile framework.Agile software development is a vehicle toundertake any project.The phenomenon in this study is around the concepts of agile softwaredevelopmentinmultinationalorganizations.Knowledgesharingisoneofthefivedimensionsofcollaboration, and it strengths the relations on both sides.Scrum Master, product owner,development team, and the business customer are the key stakeholders in an agile project.Theprimary responsibility of a scrum master is to ensure daily standup meetings and facilitateknowledge transfer.Around knowledge-sharing behaviors, many theories exist.Thesocialcapital theoryisusedin thisstudy asatheoretical lens (Murphy, 2020).

Theauthorcollecteddata aroundthe study,whichinvestigatedtheexperiencesofmultipleagilepractitioners.Thesefindingsfromthisdissertationwillbring numerousbenefitstothe softwaredevelopmentindustry.

Conclusion

Ph.D.researchersmostly useatheoreticalframework,andDBAresearchersuseaconceptual framework.Theoretical or Conceptual framework assists the researcher indevelopingtheresearchquestionsand gaps intheliterature.

IBMSPSSStatisticsSoftware

SPSS statistics software is used for statistical analysis, whether it is batch data or real-time data.The author of the article followed the instructions and downloaded the softwaretothepersonalcomputer.Theupcomingstatisticscoursewillheavilyusethissoftware.Inthedissertation process for any data analysis, this software is a huge asset.The screenshot of theauthor'sSPSS softwareis shown in figure1.

Figure1

SPSSSoftwareScreenshot

Note.Screenshotofauthor'sIBMSPSSsoftware

References

Balogun, S. A. (2013). The effects of risk and size of company on business performance ininformation technology outsourcing (Ph.D.). Available from Dissertations & Theses @Northcentral University. (1400224467). https://proxy1.ncu.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.proxy1.ncu.edu/dissertations-theses/effects-risk-size-company-on-business- performance/docview/1400224467/se-2?accountid=28180

Christine, P. C., & Li, Y. (2015). Novices' struggles with conceptual and theoretical framing inwriting dissertations and papers for publication. Publications, 3(2), 104-119.https://doi.org/10.3390/publications3020104

Grant, C., &Osanloo, A. (2014). Understanding, selecting, and integrating a theoreticalframeworkindissertationresearch:Creatingtheblueprintforyour"house."AdministrativeIssues Journal: Education, Practice & Research, 4(2), 12-26.https://doi.org/10.5929/2014.4.2.9

proquest-com.proxy1.ncu.edu/dissertations-theses/exploring-morale-motivations- commitment-employees/docview/1960868768/se-2?accountid=28180

TheoreticalandConceptualFrameworks