History Research Paper Need an A+ Please by TODAY
mvpgbe99
6___Ancient_Rome.pptxDiscussion: How was Rome able to create a global state that lasted over 1,000 years?
Ancient Rome
1
Hypothetical reconstruction of Roman Forum in Imperial times.
Watercolor (18th century), Giuseppe Becchetti
Citizenship & Rights = Power
2
Hope, Freedom & Citizenship!
A Roman slave could earn or buy freedom & gain citizenship, wealth & power; children could even hold public office.
Not the case in other civilizations.
Where they could not be Greek, they could be Roman!
Ex: Marcus Vergilius Eurysaces
Greek Ex-slave Roman citizen Bread maker
Tomb of Marcus & Wife
Foundation/Era of Kingship:
753 BCE - 509 BCE
4
Ancient Italy (750 BCE)
PEOPLE:
Gauls
Celtic invaders
The Etruscans
aqueducts, the arch, bridges, alphabet
The Latins
“The First Romans”
The Greeks
art, architecture, literature, government, engineering
Carthaginians
Phoenicians
5
Roman Mythology
Adopted many Greek myths
Six gods & six goddesses
Arranged in male-female couples: Jupiter-Juno, Neptune-Minerva, Mars-Venus, Apollo-Diana, Vulcan-Vesta and Mercury-Ceres.
The Mythical Founding of Rome: Romulus & Remus
Romans believed they were descendants of refugees who survived the Trojan War
Romulus and Remus
Grand children of Trojan hero Aeneas, sons of the god Mars.
Abandoned at birth
Cared for by a she-wolf, quarreled over foundations of Rome.
Romulus kills Remus
First King, 753 BCE
7
Era of Kingship
Seven kings, many Etruscan
509 BCE
Kingship ends with King Tarquin the Proud
Tyrannical ruler
His son raped Lucretia, noblewoman and wife of a consul
Overthrown
Titian's Tarquin and Lucretia (1571)
8
The Roman
Republic:
509 BCE - 27 BCE
9
Republican Government
2 Consuls
Rulers of Rome, each serve 1 year
Controlled by
Senate
300 fathers, or Representative body or patricians
Patricians = Rich Landowners Supported by
Tribal Assembly
Representative body for plebeians
Common People & Army
Republic = Res-Publica, or “Public thing”
Senātus Populusque Rōmānus "The Roman Senate and People“
10
The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE
First Roman Law Code
Providing political and social rights for the plebeians
Patricians & Plebeians
Equals
11
Expansion of Rome:
390 BCE - 146 BCE
12
Rome Expands
390 BCE - Gaul attacks Rome Military reform
Rome began conquering
Entered into alliances with conquered peoples
Allies provided loyalty & armies when needed
Punic Wars 264 BC – 146 BC
Romans called Phoenicians of Carthage “Punics"
Mamertine
Mercenaries
Rome & Carthage back Mamertines hoping to gain Sicily
(Greek)
First Punic War
Begins over Carthaginian/Greek Sicily
Carthaginians led by Hamilcar Barca, sea battles
Rome conquers Sicily
Demands reparations from Carthage
Rome later takes Sardinia
Carthage takes Spain
Roman crow
Rome began with no navy!
Protected by Rome
Second Punic War Hannibal ad portas “Hannibal is at the gates”
Hannibal Barca, Carthaginian general
Lead his & a team of elephants across southern Europe & the Alps
Consistently defeated the Roman army, but never took Rome
Hannibal’s Route
18
Roman Historian Annaeus Florus compared Hannibal & his army to a lightning bolt:
“[which] burst its way through the midst of the Alps and swooped down upon Italy from those snows of fabulous heights like a missile hurled from the sky.”
-Epitome of the Histories (2nd c. CE)
Hannibal’s Defeat
203 BCE - Roman General Scipio invaded North Africa
Hannibal forced to withdraw his troops from southern Italy
Romans (with the help of their Numidian allies) defeated Carthaginians
Killed 20,000, lost 1,500
Scipio “Africanus”
Carthage
149 BCE - Rome held northern Carthaginian territory
Roman Senator Cato pushed for destruction
War declared against Carthage, Macedonia & Greece
Carthage must be destroyed!
Roman Victories, 146 BCE
Carthage
Entire empire taken
Corinth
Greece & Macedonia become Roman Provinces
Republic to Empire
23
Allies & Citizenship
Roman army conscripted landowners from allies (conquered peoples)
But…denied them citizenship
150 BCE - any Latin who settled in the city of Rome could obtain citizenship, but not vote
Many farmers lost their land when fighting
117 CE
Gaius & Tiberius Gracchus (tribunes of the plebs)
Give the poor grain, small plots of free land, & citizenship to all allies Killed
Gaius Marius (general)
Recruited an army from the poor and homeless, offered grant of land at end of service
Allies & Citizenship Reform 150-100 BCE
Imports of cheap grain bankrupted small farmers, the wealthy purchased land Senate vs. Roman People
25
Allies & Citizenship Social Wars 91 – 89 BCE
Roman allies demanded citizenship war
Roman victory granted citizenship to the allies to avoid another war (except slaves)
Julius Caesar would extend citizenship beyond Italy & grant it to the people of Spain and Gaul
Caesar & First Triumvirate, 59-53 BCE
Rule of three over Roman Senate
(Caesar became consul alongside Bibulus, assisted by connections & money of Triumvirate)
Ruled as consul for 1 year Became governor of Gaul
Defeats Spartacus, 71 BCE
Dies in battle, 53 BCE
Become enemies
Conquers Judea, Rules as consul, Beheaded in Egypt, 48 BCE
Successful general & governor. Consul 48-44 BCE
27
Caesar butchers the Gauls 58-50 BCE
Portrayed invasion as preemptive to Gallic attack,
fought to boost Caesar's career
Julius Caesar
Governship ends in 50 BCE
Senate orders Caesar to dismiss legions before returning to Rome
Crossing of the Rubicon (Jan 10, 49 BCE)
defies orders, marches legions across the Rubicon
Continues to conquer
Annexes Numidia
Gives Cleopatra the Egyptian Throne
"alea iacta est"— the die is cast
29
Ceasar refuses – rebel act. Instead marches home with army to march on Rome. Crosses Rubicon.
Cleopatra
Last in a dynasty of Ptolemaic Macedonian rulers
51 BCE - Ruled Egypt as co-regent w/ younger brother Ptolemy XIII
Ptolemy’s advisers revolt Cleopatra flees to Syria (49 BCE)
Raises army, retakes Egypt with help of Caesar
Rules alongside 2nd younger brother, Ptolemy XIV & later her son
30
Julius Caesar, Imperator
48-44 BCE - Gained control of all political positions – consul, tribune of the people & dictator (dictator = a person who takes over if the republic is in imminent danger)
-Expanded the senate to 900 members - Reduced their power to advisory council
Romans worried that he wanted to be king
31
Reforms
Prohibited citizens aged 20-40 from leaving Italy for more than 3 years to help preserve operation of local farms and businesses.
If a member of the social elite harmed a plebian, all the wealth of the perpetrator was confiscated.
A general cancellation of one-fourth of all debt.
Outlawed adultery (concern that families were disintegrating).
Forbade those who could afford privately supplied grain from purchasing from the grain dole.
Made plans for the distribution of land to his veterans and for the establishment of veteran colonies.
Established a 365-day year with a leap year every fourth year
Built court houses, marketplaces, libraries & forums.
Allowed religious tolerance
Ides of March - March 15 44 BCE
Pomp & circumstance & taxpayers' money spent incensed Roman Senate
Stabbed 23 times, led by Gaius Cassius and Marcus Brutus
Caesar’s Death: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgPymD-NBQU
33
Ides means the middle of the month - “You too, Brutus?”
Second Triumvirate 43-33 BCE
Octavian
Grand-nephew
of Caesar & heir
Mark Antony
Politician and General
Lepidus
Roman Patrician
35
Octavian, Mark Antony, Cleopatra
Cleopatra supports the Triumvirate in power struggle against Brutus & Cassius
Antony, seeking power, marries Cleopatra
(Already married to Octavian’s half-sister)
Declared Caesarion as Caesar’s son and rightful heir
Octavian, Mark Antony, Cleopatra
Octavian persuades the senate to declare war on Antony
(Antony wanted to cede Cyprus, Crete, Libya, Jericho & Syria to Egypt)
Octavian defeats him at the Battle of Actium
Antony & Cleopatra flee back to Egypt
Mark hears rumor of Cleopatra’s suicide, kills himself
Cleopatra, still alive, follows
37
Start here on January
The
Roman Empire:
27 BCE - 476 CE
38
Augustus, “the venerable” 27 BCE – 14 CE
Octavian becomes sole ruler for 43 years
Economic upswing
Free bread distribution
Construction boom
Gives Judaism the status of a religio licita (permitted religion)
Begins Pax Romana (Roman peace) –Lasts 200 yrs
39
Roman Empire at death of Augustus
Life of a Roman Soldier: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5e7cl19Ha0
40
Octavian Augustus: Rome’s First Emperor
Power becomes hereditary
Law on treason:
Any action could be deemed offensive
Wanted to make his horse a consul
Poisoned by 1 of his wives to enthrone her son from another marriage
stepson
41
Tiberius, 14-27 CE
Improved the civil service & restored Rome's financial condition
19 CE - Expels Jewish population from Rome for “aggressive missionizing”
Also due to the defrauding of an aristocratic Roman woman Fulvia, who made a large financial contribution to the temple in Jerusalem (claimed never to have been received)
Crucified Jesus as a threat to Roman authority for preaching, 30-33 CE
Nero, 54-68 CE
Good administrator, but tyrannical & lavish
Persecuted Christians
Nero's Domus Aurea, his palace
Colossus of Nero was a 98 ft bronze statue, later lost to an earthquake
43
Matricide
Agrippina was allowed to visit senate meetings, tried to control empire
Nero & Religion
Roman citizen Paul missionizes that followers of Jesus did not have to follow Judaism
Opens it to non-Jewish peoples
Christianity spreads
Underground symbol for Christianity
The Rise of Christianity
46
Allegedly causes the Great Fire of Rome accused Christians of arson, 64 CE
Nero & Religion
Kills Peter and Paul
for “disturbing the peace”
Once accepted, Judaism became vilified
Sends General Vespasian to slaughter Jewish rebellion, 66 CE Temple of Jerusalem reduced to “Wailing Wall”
The Spread of Christianity
51
Primary Source
Roman religion did not focus on doctrinal orthodoxy or even on exclusive devotion to one particular religious sect. Instead, Romans engaged in a variety of religious practices,
This fresco was painted on the wall of a Roman villa in the southern Italian resort town of Pompeii. It depicts an initiation ceremony into the cult of Dionysus. Like other so-called mystery religions, the cult of Dionysus promised initiates access to secret knowledge and a special, personal relationship with the divine being or beings at the center of the cult. Here, an initiate (right) carries an offering to Dionysus, while a young girl, with her mother seated behind her, reads the cult’s catechism. A priestess (left) presides over the ritual.
Examine the fresco & Read the sources
Ask yourself why cults like the one depicted here might have been especially appealing to Roman women. What did such cults offer women that other forms of Roman religion did not?
Why might some Romans have seen Christianity as a genuine threat to Roman society and the Roman state?
Year of the four emperors - 69 AD
Nero commits suicide Year of chaos
4 different men declared themselves emperor, each with his own supporters.
Wins, emperor 69-79 CE
Grandchild of an Italian peasant!
The Colosseum
ca. 70–80 CE
Emperor Vespasian gift to the Roman people
54
Gladiators
Origin open to debate. Tomb frescoes show paired fighters, with helmets, spears and shields (4th c. BCE)
Condemned criminals, Prisoners of war, Slaves, Free men
Era of the Good Emperors
Nerva - Best emperor - Empire reaches largest extent, built roads
Hadrian
Consolidated earlier conquests
Reorganized the bureaucracy
Great Builder (Pantheon, Hadrian’s Wall, Tivoli Complex)
Britannia (Britain)
58
Marcus Aurelius, 161-180
Brought empire to height of economic prosperity
Defeated invaders
Wrote philosophy
59
The Fall of the Roman Empire
60
The Decline Begins
180 CE Marcus Aurelius died
His son, Commodus, took control of Rome, Pax Romana ends
Killed by his bodyguard
61
Anyone can rule!
Era of random emperors - Including a liberated slave, a Carthaginian, a Syrian & a shepherd
212 - Emperor Caracalla, (North African & Syrian) grants citizenship to all free subjects of the empire
Big legacy: You can be a Roman in Africa, Syria, Judaea, etc.
The Empire in Crisis: 3c
German tribes migrate to Roman Empire warring
63
The Fall
292: Diocletian divides the Roman empire into 2 with 2 senior emperors and 2 junior Absolute rule
Resigns other rulers fight
Son of a liberated slave!
64
Constantine (272-337 CE)
Created capital Constantinople
Ruled both West and East of Roman empire (defeated other emperors)
First Roman emperor to convert to Christianity
Issued Edict of Milan (313) - declared religious tolerance for Christianity in the Roman empire
Roman Mythology Christianity
Roman Empire Divides into Eastern & Western Empire
Emperor Theodosius (379-395) divides empire amongst his 2 sons
Visigoths
Absorbed into Roman army
Romans treated Visigoths badly rebellion
Visigoth leader, Alaric, captured Rome in 410 CE
After twelve days, German general Odoacer defeated the western emperor Romulus Augustulus (14 years old)
67
The Fall, 476
Augustulus defeated in 476 CE
Western Empire was divided into many kingdoms that adopted many of the customs of Rome
68
The Legacy of Rome
Republican Government
Roman Law
Latin Language
Roman Catholic Church
City Planning
Romanesque Architectural Style
Roman Engineering
Aqueducts
Sewage systems
Dams
Cement
Arch
69
