Cold War and Civil Rights

1 Name __________________________________ Date ____________ Period ____________

6.9 Civil Rights & The Cold War 1. 38th Parallel 2. Alger Hiss 3. Alliance for Progress 4. Blacklisted 5. Brinkmanship 6. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 7. Chaing Kai-Shek 8. Checkers Speech 9. Eisenhower Doctrine 10. Eisenhower Interstate Highway System

2 11. Ethel And Julius Rosenberg 12. Hollywood Ten 13. Hydrogen Bomb 14. Levittowns 15. Limited Test ban Treaty 16. Mao Zedong 17. McCarthyism 18. Medicaid 19. Medicare 20. Nikita Khrushchev 21. Planned Obsolescence

3 22. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) 23. Sit-ins 24. suburbs 25. The Baby Boom 26. The Best and the Brightest 27. The Camelot Years (related to John F. Kennedy) 28. The U2 Incident 29. The Warsaw Pact

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Part One: Korean War through JFK OPTONAL VIDEO LINK FOR LESSON 1

CHAING KAI-SHEK Chaing Kai-Shek - Chinese nationalist government leader who America supported since he wasn’t communist. He was not a good leader, and kept all the resources we gave him for himself. Mao Zedong - The first Communist leader in China. He was a much more effective leader using his power to fix roads and solve crisis’. Quickly became more popular than Chaing Kai-Shek. Chaing and the rest of his government fled to Taiwan to set up shop. 1. Why did America support Chaing Kai-Shek even if we knew he was a bad leaders? Why not support Mao Zedong if he was better? 38th PARALLEL Korea is a peninsula that sticks off of China. Korea, like most of Asia, was taken over by Japan during WWII. At the end of the war, America started liberating Korea from the south, and Russia, trying to gain land in Asia, started liberating Korea from the North. We met in the Middle. Korea was split down the middle after World War II. 38th Parallel - This was the line of latitude which divided North and South Korea The top half was Communist and the Lower Half was American Controlled. 2. Why was Korea split in half at the 38th Parallel? Who influenced each side? Korean War Once China becomes Communist, North Korea decides they will invade South Korea since they believe they will have the support from communist China The UN is Angry, and the Security Council votes 4-0 to declare war on North Korea for it’s aggression. (Russia, who could have stopped this via a “no” Vote, refuses to vote since Chaing Kia-Shek is given China’s vote instead of Mao Zedong, making the decision the required unanimous verdict) 3. How was the UN Security Council vote unanimous even though Russia strongly opposed war in Korea?

5 Korean War Continued America, with little help from other countries invades South Korea who is being taken over by the North. Quickly, America starts to lose since our equipment is 10 years old from WWII. America goes to Japan, and gets General Douglas MacArthur to come fix everything in the Korean War. MacArthur turns the tide by ordering a invasion if Inchon peninsula and chases all the North Koreans back to North Korea. 4. Why did America suffer so badly at first in the Korean war? Who was brought in to help lead the UN forces? End of Korean War MacArthur decides to push the Communist out of North Korea and try to make Korea completely democratic. Once MacArthur pushes the N. Koreans to the border with China, China invades North Korea to fight against the Americans MacArthur asks President Dwight Eisenhower to nuke China. Eisenhower says no. MacArthur publicly calls him a coward, and is promptly fired Without MacArthur the UN gets pushed back to the 38th Parallel where North and South Korea call for a temporary cease-fire which is still in effect today. The war has never officially ended. 5. What is the difference between a cease-fire and a treaty at the end of a war? Which does North and South Korea and how can that cause problems?

OPTIONAL VIDEO FOR LESSON 2 House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) A witch hunt for communists. Based mainly through Hollywood, saying that many movies had communistic view points during WWII when Russia was still our ally. Hollywood Ten – Ten men were accused of communist movies, refused to answer questions, and were jailed for refusing to show up for court. Blacklisted – This means no one will hirer you. This is what commonly happens to anyone who is even accused of communism. 6. What was the purpose for the House of Un-American Activities (HUAC) and why did they focus so much on movies and their possible communist tones?

6 Fear of Communists in America 1950 – Alger Hiss Was accused of being a spy, was convicted of perjury since too many years had passed to put him in Jail for being a spy. Massive fear of more Russian spies by America. Ethel And Julius Rosenberg – Husband and wife that are tried and executed for being communist supporters and possibly having helped leak information to the soviets. 7. Why did Alger Hiss create a fear that there were Russian Spies everywhere? Why were Ethel and Julius Rosenberg assassinated? JOSEPH McCARTHY A republican from Wisconsin. Used terror so people fear communists. Always said he had a list. McCarthyism – This term was taken from Joseph McCarthy which is used when describing a politician using fear for political gain. 8. What is McCarthyism? Why did Joseph McCarthy purposefully scare the American public for no reason? H-BOMB Hydrogen Bomb – This weapon was 67 times the power of the one dropped on Hiroshima. Both the United States and Russia rushed to get it. Both acquired it at the same time. US first. 9. What is the difference between the Hydrogen Bomb and the Atomic Bomb? Why is everyone even more afraid of a nuclear war now?

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OPTIONAL VIDEO FOR LESSON 3 DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER Brinkmanship Term used to describe Eisenhower’s administration to go to the brink of nuclear war over any issue. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) – This is a group created by Eisenhower’s Administration which spied on other countries. Eisenhower Doctrine – Eisenhower’s belief that said America will protect any country in the Middle East that is attacked by a communist country. Middle East just wanted to be left alone 10. Explain how the creation of the CIA sent the Eisenhower doctrine were both used to try and keep the USSR from expanding. THE WARSAW PACT The Warsaw Pact - A treaty between Russia and a group of other nations after Germany was allowed to Join NATO. 11. Why did Russia create the Warsaw Pact? What group had America created? U-2 Incident Nikita Khrushchev took over in Russia after death of Stalin. Also thought communism would take over the world, but thought it would do so peacefully. Spoke with Eisenhower, and the men agreed to meet for peace talks. Just before the peace talks, an American military pilot, Francis Gary Powers, was shot down while spying over Russia while flying a secret U-2 Plane. The U2 Incident – situation where Russia shot down a USA spy plane in Russia, and caused peace talks to be called off between the two nations. 12. What was the U-2 incident and how did it lead to greater tension in the world?

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OPTIONAL VIDEO FOR LESSON 4 The Postwar Boom The Family of the 40’s and 50’s Many soldiers got married right after the war. With so many young newly married couples right after WWII, there was a massive increase in babies. The Baby Boom – The massive amount of babies born in the 1950’s led to the largest part of the population being babies within 10 years of the end of WWII. With many Americans returning to start families, many houses were needed. With gasoline being very cheap, and people being able to afford Cars, many middle-class people moved out of the inner cities. William Levitt created Levittowns, or plain suburbs with identical houses created by William Levitt. Many people moved to the suburbs – a term for neighborhoods in rural areas just outside of a city 13. How did the Baby Boom lead to the creation of Suburbs and Levittown’s in the 1950’s? Life in the 1950’s Vaccine for polio by Dr. Jonas Salk. He refused to charge a single penny for the vaccine, which saved millions of lives around the world The Washing Machine, Electric Dryer, Dishwashers and Lawn mowers make household chores much less time consuming. This led to more women getting involved in politics and social reform at local levels. Eisenhower Interstate Highway System – System of high speed highways created by Eisenhower in the 1950’s still used today that was originally created for the military. Planned Obsolescence – Concept created by car companies who would make sure their product was unusable after a certain amount of time in order to force the consumer to purchase another. 14. How did the creation of the new inventions help lead to the acceleration of the Women’s Movement? Politics 1948 – Truman re-elected, barely. Dewey was sure he was going to win. So much so, the newspapers went ahead and printed that he HAD won, and he didn’t. Famous picture of Truman winning and holding the newspaper that said he lost. 1952 – Eisenhower elected because he was the WWII war hero. VP Richard Nixon got in trouble “Checkers Speech” – This was the speech made by Vice President Richard Nixon which he played up his love for his daughters and their pet dog in order to get out of corruption charges. 16. What is significant about the famous photo of Harry Truman holding the newspaper that says “Dewey Defeats Truman”?

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OPTIONAL VIDEO FOR LESSON 5 Civil Rights Plessy v. Ferguson 1865 – Civil War ended. All Slaves Free 1865-1896 - Reconstruction Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) - Declared that Separate but equal was ok Officially Ended reconstruction 17. What is significant about the court case Plessy V. Ferguson? Thurgood Marshall The NAACP’s (founded in 1909) lawyer starting in 1938 Fought 32 cases in front of the supreme court that had to deal with racism Won 29 of them Throughout the 40’s, small cases were won making segregation in certain areas and places illegal 18. What does the NAACP stand for? Who was the lawyer for the NAACP? Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Thurgood Marshall was the lawyer Ruled that separate is inherently NOT equal Desegregated schools Massive outrage at places where integration was a problem Military was called in to integrate the schools. 19. How did Brown v BOE change the outcome of Plessy v. Ferguson? What was the argument against “separate but equal”? Rosa Parks 1955 Secretary of NAACP Her and three other African Americans refused to give up their seats on a segregated bus in Alabama All were arrested 20. Why was Rosa Parks arrested? Why is she more famous than the others who were arrested for the same thing?

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Martin Luther King, Jr. Born Michael Luther King, Jr. in 1929 Father changed his name to Martin Luther after European trip Organized bus boycott after Rosa Parks was arrested Founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) “to carry on non-violent crusades against the evils of second class citizenship” 21. Who was Martin Luther King Jr? Why was he picked to lead the boycott of the busses?

OPTIONAL VIDEO FOR LESSON 6 The Movement Spreads Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) – college version of SCLC. Shaw University, Raleigh, NC Sit-ins – A non-violent form of protest where African Americans would refuse to leave a segregated business until they were served. Woolworth’s store in Greensboro, NC 22. Why were sit-ins so effective? Why was North Carolina Chosen as the place for the first Sit-in?

Freedom Riders Supreme court said it was illegal to segregate interstate highways though not enforced CORE members rode buses across state lines to provoke a violent reaction to force JFK to enforce laws Massive brutality done to riders Was very effective 23. What was the purpose of the Freedom Riders? How did this get the attention of the Federal Government?

James Meredith Air Force veteran won Supreme court case allowing him to enroll in all white Ole’ Miss University Governor Ross Barnett called on white demonstrators to keep this from happening September 30, 1962 – riots all over campus to keep from being desegregated 24. Why was James Meredith originally accepted to the all-white Ol’ Miss University if he was black?

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OPTIONAL VIDEO FOR LESSON 7

Civil Rights Act of 1964 NAACP secretary Medgar Evers killed by white supremacist sniper Byron de la Beckwith but was released after two hung juries Many blacks now wanted a more militant approach to the equality In 1964, Johnson, taking JFK’s ideas, pushed through the Civil Rights Act making it illegal to discriminate because of Race 25. Why did LBJ feel it was necessary to pass the civil rights act in 1964? What was happening in America? Freedom Summer Wanted to allow all voting to be as legitimate as possible. No literacy tests Registered many African American’s to vote 26. What was Freedom Summer? What was the goal? Voting Rights Act of 1965 Banned all literacy tests at the polls Made it nearly impossible for local governments to keep people from voting 27. What was significant about the Voting Rights Act of 1965? African Americans Fight Back Nation of Islam – Black Muslims, originated by Elijah Muhammad, but used Malcom X as the face of the Church Malcolm X – wanted to separate blacks from whites, also encouraged armed self-defense. Became a devout Muslim, and after a trip to Mecca, realized that violence is not the teaching of Islam and became much more peaceful when he returned. This upset some of his followers, and was killed by his own people. Stokely Carmichael – Leader of SNCC, began the Black Power Movement Black Panthers – originated to fight police brutality in Oakland, CA. Preached self-defense and many shoot-outs between Panthers and police 28. What is the difference between the Black Power movement and the Black Panthers?

12 Martin Luther King Jr. Assassinated April 4, 1968 by James Earl Ray on a balcony MLK predicated his death in a speech the day before. Robert Kennedy begged the African American community for nonviolence the day after, but with no results 100 cities rioted Robert Kennedy assassinated later that year 29. How did the country react when MLK jr was assassinated? Why is it important that it was considered an assassination and not a murder? A New Look at Civil Rights Kerner Commission – studied cases of Urban Violence. 200,000 word report said segregation and inequality was the root cause for all urban violence Civil Rights act of 1968 – this made de jure segregation illegal and did everything in its power to end de facto segregation as well Affirmative Action – (1960’s) A special effort to give benefits to groups of people who had previously been discriminated against 30. What was the main reason the Kerner Commission said Urban Violence exists?

OPTIONAL VIDEO FOR LESSON 8 Kennedy and Johnson John F. Kennedy Elected in 1960 Because he had such a good debate with Richard Nixon on TV. Though Nixon had better debate skills, Kennedy appeared more presidential. All presidential debates will be televised after this. Strong supporter of Civil Rights – This was actually unpopular at the time and hurt his popularity rating “The Camelot Years” – Term given to the feeling America had during JFK’s time in office. America felt young and vibrant and starting a new chapter with this new young president “The Best and the Brightest” – Term Given to JFK’s cabinet because he chose only the best for each position, regardless of political party. 31. How did the televised debate with Richard Nixon help JFK get elected?

13 Flexible Response Differed from Eisenhower’s idea of Brinkmanship Wanted to fight non-nuclear wars 32. How is “Flexible Response” different from Brinkmanship? Why did many American prefer Flexible response? Cuba Batista is ruler of Cuba and we don’t like him. We support one of his generals, Fidel Castro, to overthrow him. After Castro is in charge, he asks for help from USA to get his country started, we say “No, we’ve helped you enough”. Castro turns to Russia for help and receives it as long as Cuba will be communist, which they do. America is angry at this and wants to take out Castro Bay of Pigs Kennedy sent 3,000 Cuban refugees back to Cuba after military training to overthrow Castro with secret American help Decided right after they landed in Cuba he (JFK) didn’t want to help. All the Cubans that invaded were slaughtered by Castro America, and JFK, look weak, meddling, and inconsistent. JFK becomes unpopular 33. What happened with the Bay of Pigs Incident? How did this make America, and JFK, look? Cuban Missile Crisis America is spying on Cuba with U-2 Planes, and sees Cuba is allowing Soviet Union Nuclear missiles on their island and they are pointed at the USA. They can hit Washington DC. Russia is also shipping more weapons to Cuba JFK goes on live TV and says Russia must take their nuclear weapons off of Cuba and turn back or we will launch our own attack Extremely tense 13 days but Russia Agrees to back off if America will take our Nuclear weapons out of Turkey, which is right next to Russia. JFK’s popularity rises dramatically after it seems he stood up to Russia and they backed down. 34. Why is JFK so much more popular after the Cuban Missile Crisis?

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OPTIONAL VIDEO FOR LESSON 9 Berlin Crisis East Berliners going to West Berlin Russia doesn’t want this Builds massive wall keeping people from going to one side to the other when U.S. won’t allow Russia to go get East Berliners 35. Why did Russia feel it was necessary to build a wall in Germany? Trying to Ease Tensions Hot Line – phone from white house to Kremlin Limited Test ban Treaty – This agreements between Russia and the United States said no more nuclear testing in the atmosphere (above ground) 36. Why is a “Hot Line” and a Limited Test Ban Treaty a good idea at this time? Kennedy Makes Changes (Cont) New Frontier – Idea Kennedy had of changing our country Increased minimum wage and increased military spending to stimulate economy Created Peace Corps Alliance for Progress – gave $12 Billion to South America to keep them from falling to communist Cuba Wanted to do more, but lacked Mandate Really began the push for Racial Equality 37. Kennedy Lacked a “Mandate”. What does that mean and how did that make it hard for him to get all the things done he wanted to?

15 The Space Race Russia and the United States tried to prove they were the most advanced, and tried to do so by attempting to be the first one to conquer space. Sputnik – 1957. This was the first satellite that was put into space and it was done by Russia. 1960 – JFK says that America will not only go into space in the decade, but will go to the moon. 1969- Though the Russians had beaten America at every mile-stone to this point, America was the first to land a man on the moon in 1969. 38. Why was the space race such a big deal? What was it trying to prove? Kennedy Assassinated Shot by Lee Harvey Oswald Possible conspiracy Texas Warren Commission investigated in 1963 said Oswald acted alone. 1979 said conspiracy Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ) became president 39. Why do some people claim the JFK assassination was a conspiracy? Lyndon B. Johnson Very good Politician Great Society – End Racial discrimination and poverty Economic Opportunity Act (EOA) - $1billion to help the underprivileged Medicare – Providing medical care for the those over the age of 65 Medicaid – Healthcare to welfare recipients 40. What is the difference between Medicare and Medicaid?

1. Name:
2. Date:
3. Period:
4. 1 38th Parallel:
5. 2 Alger Hiss:
6. 3 Alliance for Progress:
7. 4 Blacklisted:
8. 5 Brinkmanship:
9. 6 Central Intelligence Agency CIA:
10. 7 Chaing KaiShek:
11. 8 Checkers Speech:
12. 9 Eisenhower Doctrine:
13. 10 Eisenhower Interstate Highway System:
14. 11 Ethel And Julius Rosenberg:
15. 12 Hollywood Ten:
16. 13 Hydrogen Bomb:
17. 14 Levittowns:
18. 15 Limited Test ban Treaty:
19. 16 Mao Zedong:
20. 17 McCarthyism:
21. 18 Medicaid:
22. 19 Medicare:
23. 20 Nikita Khrushchev:
24. 21 Planned Obsolescence:
25. 22 Plessy v Ferguson 1896:
26. 23 Sitins:
27. 24 suburbs:
28. 25 The Baby Boom:
29. 26 The Best and the Brightest:
30. 27 The Camelot Years related to John F Kennedy:
31. 28 The U2 Incident:
32. 29 The Warsaw Pact:
33. Zedong if he was better:
34. 2 Why was Korea split in half at the 38th Parallel Who influenced each side:
35. 3 How was the UN Security Council vote unanimous even though Russia strongly opposed war in Korea:
36. forces:
37. Korea and how can that cause problems:
38. movies and their possible communist tones:
39. Rosenberg assassinated:
40. 8 What is McCarthyism Why did Joseph McCarthy purposefully scare the American public for no reason:
41. afraid of a nuclear war now:
42. USSR from expanding:
43. 11 Why did Russia create the Warsaw Pact What group had America created:
44. 12 What was the U2 incident and how did it lead to greater tension in the world:
45. 13 How did the Baby Boom lead to the creation of Suburbs and Levittowns in the 1950s:
46. 14 How did the creation of the new inventions help lead to the acceleration of the Womens Movement:
47. Truman:
48. 17 What is significant about the court case Plessy V Ferguson:
49. 18 What does the NAACP stand for Who was the lawyer for the NAACP:
50. equal:
51. 20 Why was Rosa Parks arrested Why is she more famous than the others who were arrested for the same thing:
52. 21 Who was Martin Luther King Jr Why was he picked to lead the boycott of the busses:
53. 22 Why were sitins so effective Why was North Carolina Chosen as the place for the first Sitin:
54. 23 What was the purpose of the Freedom Riders How did this get the attention of the Federal Government:
55. 24 Why was James Meredith originally accepted to the allwhite Ol Miss University if he was black:
56. 25 Why did LBJ feel it was necessary to pass the civil rights act in 1964 What was happening in America:
57. 26 What was Freedom Summer What was the goal:
58. 27 What was significant about the Voting Rights Act of 1965:
59. 28 What is the difference between the Black Power movement and the Black Panthers:
60. assassination and not a murder:
61. 30 What was the main reason the Kerner Commission said Urban Violence exists:
62. 31 How did the televised debate with Richard Nixon help JFK get elected:
63. response:
64. 33 What happened with the Bay of Pigs Incident How did this make America and JFK look:
65. 34 Why is JFK so much more popular after the Cuban Missile Crisis:
66. 35 Why did Russia feel it was necessary to build a wall in Germany:
67. 36 Why is a Hot Line and a Limited Test Ban Treaty a good idea at this time:
68. things done he wanted to:
69. 38 Why was the space race such a big deal What was it trying to prove:
70. 39 Why do some people claim the JFK assassination was a conspiracy:
71. 40 What is the difference between Medicare and Medicaid: