ancient african history
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5LEGITIMATETRADE.pptxLEGITIMATE TRADE and the SLAVE TRADE
Legitimate Trade (AD 1400-1526)
AFRICANS & EUROPEANS TRADE AS EQUALS
Slave Trade (AD 1526-1807)
EUROPEANS (PORTUGUESE) UNDERMINE THE KONGOLESE EMPIRE
Theory that Africans Attempted Trade in the Americas (c. 750 BC) BEFORE Columbus (AD 1492)
LEGITIMATE TRADE
EUROPEANS IN AFRICA
c.1400--1526
TRANSMISSION OF CULTURE
TRADE: Products and Ideas
MIGRATION: People move from one region to another taking with them their Products and Ideas
CONQUEST: One Government conquers a group of people forcing on them their Products and Ideas
LEGITIMATE TRADE: AFRICANS AND EUROPEANS EQUAL IN THE TRADE
EUROPEANS IN AFRICA
EUROPEAN NAVIGATION
Europeans sailed in the Mediterranean Basin
Europeans could sail south in the Atlantic to a certain point but could not return home
The Iberian Peninsula, home to present-day Spain and Portugal had been controlled by the Muslims until King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella married and drove them out of their last stronghold Granada in1492
1419 Prince Henry the Navigator, son of the King of Portugal started a school at Sagres, Portugal where he collected all navigation technology from around the world to teach Navigation e.g. the compass from China; Technology collected by the Muslims who were in control of the Holy Land
Invention of the Caravel ship—smaller more easily maneuverable
Discovery of the Westerlies which would return ships to Europe
THE IBERIAN PENINSULA
PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR SAGRES, PORTUGAL
SCHOOL AT SAGRES, PORTUGAL
c. 1419
Collection of the latest navigation technology from all over the eastern hemisphere
Sagres, Portugal
NAVIGATION TECHNOLOGY
Would-be Explorers went to this school to learn the latest
Astrolabe Measures degrees, longitude and latitude
The invention of the Caravel Ship—smaller, easier to maneuver
NAVIGATION TECHNOLOGY: THE WESTERLIES (Winds Blowing from the West)
Learned how to Return to Europe after sailing south to the African coast
Sail south of Madeira
Sail west—out into the Atlantic
At some point the Westerlies blow back toward Europe
Now Ready for Exploration of the West Coast of Africa
PORTUGUESE EXPLORATION
The Smallest Western European state, Portugal was the first to sail the coast of West Africa
They made Trade Contact with Africans
They established trade along the coast
They established their Cultural Influence along the coast
The named and rounded the Cape of Good Hope into the Indian Ocean
PORTUGUESE EXPLORATION
PORTUGUESE & THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE
BARTOLOMEU DIAS reaches what he calls the “Cape of Storms” 1488
VASCO da GAMA sails around it in 1498
Portuguese King John II renames it “Cape of Good Hope” because it was the symbol of opening the sea route east to India
WEST AFRICAN NAVIGATION
WEST AFRICAN COASTAL BOATS
OAR DRIVEN
CARRIED 50-100 SOLDIERS
SMALL, FAST, DIFFICULT TO TARGET
Similar to these Fishing Boats used today in Ghana but larger and forged from the trunks of large trees
EUROPEAN ECONOMIC INTENTION
Find Gold—for Currency
Find Trade Routes to Circumvent Muslim Middlemen of North Africa
Need for Christianity to Defeat Islam
(Short Answer #1)
AFRICAN ECONOMIC INTENTION
Willingness to trade but on their own terms
Protocol:
Europeans must wait on the ship until officials on shore send a boat
Do nothing without royal permission
Africans needed to Protect themselves from European coastal raiding parties
West Africans practiced STRANGER FATHER RECIPROCITY
(Short Answer #1)
COMPETITION FOR COMMERCIAL ADVANTAGE
For the Africans
1. Gifts had to be given to the Local Ruler
2. Must Negotiate The Terms of Trade
3. Stranger Father Reciprocity
A. Local Ruler assigns Trader to be controlled by one his supporters
B. The Trader/”Stranger” lives in the compound with his Royal Appointee/“Father” who is responsible for his every move (if he does something wrong it’s the “father’s” fault; if something is done to him, it’s the father’s fault); The Stranger cannot move freely in the community
C. The “Father” advertises the “Stranger’s” wares and finds sources of the trade items the “Stranger” is searching and brings customers to the Stranger.
D. Once the “Stranger” has sold all of his wares/bought all of his raw materials he pays the “Father” 10%
E. The “Stranger: boards his ship and leaves
F. The Process is repeated each time he returns to this community
4. Local Royal Retainers Benefited by Royal Control of Trade (Short Answer #1)
EUROPEAN POLITICAL INTENTION
NONE at this Time
Political as it relates to economics
Drive out the Muslims & eliminate the middleman
1482 The Portuguese Crown sponsored its Own Expedition rather than sponsor a Charter a Company
AFRICAN POLITICAL INTENTION
Only One African Nation—Ethiopia wanted to join the Europeans in getting rid of Islam
Ethiopia had been Christian since AD 330 East Orthodox Christianity different from Western Europe’s Roman Catholicism which is the basis for the development of Western Europe’s Protestants c. 1513
1306 Ethiopian Delegation arrived in Europe seeking a Christian Alliance with The King of Spain to offer him Aid Against the Infidels (Muslims) [largely ignored by the Europeans].
LEGITIMATE TRADE
1400-1526
WEST AFRICANS CONTROL THE TRADE WITH THE EUROPEANS
EUROPEANS INTERESTED IN AFRICAN TRADE ITEMS
AFRICANS AND EUROPEANS BEGAN LEGITIMATE TRADE AS EQUAL PARTNERS IN TRADE
GOLD
IVORY RAW AND CARVED
TEXTILES
1. KONGO CLOTH—OF PALM FIBERS WITH SURFACE LIKE VELVET;
2. WOVEN MATS USED FOR BEDCOVERS FROM SENEGAMBIA
METALS—IRON & COPPER
1. IRON MINED IN THE FOUTA DJALLON, BOMI HILLS AND NIMBA RANGE
2. AFRICAN IRONWORKS PRODUCED THE BEST STEEL IN THE WORLD AT THAT TIME (PREHEAT THE AIR BEFORE BLASTING IT INTO THE FURNACE WHERE IT WAS HEATED AGAIN—CONSERVATION TECHNIQUE [not used in Europe until the 19th century)
AGRUCULTURAL PRODUCTS
1. PEPPERS
2. PALM OIL USED TO LUBRICATE FACTORY MACHINES IN EUROPE UNTIL THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE BRINGS A LIGHTER, CLEARER OIL—PEANUT
SLAVES
Short Answer #1
AFRICANS INTERESTED IN EUROPEAN TRADE ITEMS
AFRICANS AND EUROPEANS BEGAN LEGITIMATE TRADE AS EQUAL PARTNERS IN TRADE
Textiles
1. Cloth a Prestige Item
2. Allada Cloth Weavers took apart the Imported Cloth & Rewove their own
3. Dutch took the Practice of Batik from Indonesia & Made a Factory Process to sell Fabric to Africa
Metal Goods—
1. Iron, Copper—Iron Bars Lesser Quality Than Iron Mined In Africa But Competitive in Price
2. Worked Goods—Knives, Swords, Copper Basins And Bowls
3. Senegambia Imported 150 Tons of European Iron Every Year 1650-1700
4. Cowerie Shells
Non-utilitarian Items For Prestige—Jewelry, Beads, Mechanical Toys (Rare Thus Valuable)
(Short Answer #1)
Batik
Cowerie
Shells
COMPETITION FOR COMMERCIAL ADVANTAGE
For The Europeans
1. In Europe
Traders Paid a Tax to the Government for the Right to Trade Before Leaving
Government Could Award Or Reward Trading Houses the Rights to Trade by establishing Charter Companies These Companies establish Company Rule to govern the coastal trade regions To Maximize Profits
2. In AFRICA Traders had to Pay a Second “Tax” to Trade
3. WEST AFRICAN TRADE DIASPORA
A. Europeans live in African Compounds with African families for a lengthy period of time
B. Europeans marry into African families to get benefits of local Control over the Land (as an OUTSIDER, the European/Stranger can never own or control anything but his child can Be A Guardian of the Land based on his African Mother AND his child can be the Owner/Operator of his European Father’s business
C. Christian Europeans had a white family in Europe and a Black family in Africa (Short Answer #1) COMPARE TO the Arab East African Trade Diaspora
MONOPOLY
Africans wanted to trade with everyone
Europeans tried to stake out Exclusive Control Over Trade BUT were ineffective
Factories—Forts on the Coast to collect trade items so that European rivals could not steal the raw materials that they have collected
EUROPEAN FACTORIES
EUROPEANS BUILD TRADING FORTS PROTECT THEMSELVES FROM RAIDING BY OTHER EUROPEANS
1482 PORTUGUESE FACTORY SAO JORGE DA MINA
700 kg GOLD/YR 1500-1520
SLAVERY
Africans Practiced Old World Slavery
The Portuguese INVENT the Plantation Complex AND
The Portuguese INVENT New World Slavery
ESSAY QUESTION CHOICE #1
OLD WORLD EUROPEAN SLAVERY
1st Slaves from the Caucasus Mountains home of the Slavs—Slavic language speakers (origins of the word slave)
Slaves from communities perceived to be uncivilized—did not have cities
Major Cause: Captured in War
Slaves Respected But Subordinate in Society
Slaves achieve Manumission thru marriage, purchase freedom
Slave areas cut off after the fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Muslims c.1453
OLD-WORLD AFRICAN SLAVERY
How to become a Slave in Africa:
1. Captured in War
2. Debt—sometimes pawn children (usually girls in a Patrilineal Society) until parents could pay; children work for the person owed—girls are the farmers for food crops to feed family and community
3. Punishment for a severe crime REMOVED from the Community
4. The Rules of Old-World African Slavery:
Slaves Respected But Subordinate in Society
Slaves achieve Manumission thru marriage, purchase freedom
AFRICAN NEED FOR SLAVES
Economy of Wealth—Africans saw themselves as Guardians of the Land (Africans did not believe in land ownership)
Control over LABOR = African Wealth
Slaves One Factor of Production
Slaves only form of revenue-producing property recognized in African law
The Produce from the Land: The Only thing that mattered was the Ownership of the Produce from the Land
AFRICAN SLAVE MARKETS
Internal
Slaves had been Owned by Kings
Investment by Merchants
Trade
External
Had to have had an Internal Market First
EUROPEAN AND ARAB NEED FOR SLAVES
Plantation Economy—Primary Crop Sugar
1. Domesticated in New Guinea (in the Pacific)
2. India mentions it in Sanskrit 350-200 BC—Alexander’s General Nearchus talks aoubt a reed that gives honey
3. 9th Century Tigris & Euphrates
4. Eastern Mediterranean Basin
5. The Crusades
Loss of Slav Slave Labor after 1453 after the Muslims conquer the city of Constantinople
6. West Mediterranean
Increased Sugar Production for Sugar Consumption
Government Taxation—Revenue
Sugar Is White Gold
THE SUGAR TRAIL
CANE—AN INTENSIVE LABOR CROP
CANE PRESS
SHIFT TO NEW WORLD SLAVERY AND THE ATLANTIC BASIN SLAVE TRADE
Spain & Portugal Experiment with growing Sugar
Spain In The Canary Islands 13th To 15th Centuries (didn’t work because used slaves AND indentured servants at the same time)
The Portuguese In Madeira, Sao Tome, & Principe
The Island Of Sao Tome—Perfecting of the Plantation Complex Short Answer #2
LAND of African Coastal Islands: Controlled by Portugal as a rite of Conquest
LABOR of Slaves “New Rule” as Chattel: Kingdom Of Kongo provided Slaves through relationship with Portugal
Concept of New World Slavery Transferred to the Americas
The Portuguese Colony Of Brazil—1513 growing Sugar
The Caribbean Islands Portugal, Spain, French, British, Dutch
SAO TOME THE SUGAR CRUCIBLE
SAO TOME COCOA PLANTATION
KINGDOM OF KONGO
Short Answer #3
HOW DID PORTUGAL GET CONTROL OVER THE CONGO by Trade, Migration AND Conquest
TRADE of weapons (single shots) Portugal helps Kongo’s conquest of its inland rivals
MIGRATION of Portuguese to Kongo and Kongolese to Portugal; Kongolese ADOPT Portuguese Culture
CONQUEST by learning Kongolese culture Portugal undermines the Nzinga’s authority and put in a Puppet Ruler—Kongolese controlled by Portuguese
KINGDOM OF KONGO AFTER PORTUGUESE CONTACT
Portuguese King: Manuel I (reigned 1495-1521)
NZINGA NKUWU (Joao I) Kongolese King and son Mvemba
1. Baptized Catholic 1491
2. POLICY: OPEN ACCESS TO THE PORTUGUESE
3. Kongolese Travel to Portugual
4. Portuguese-trained Missionaries
NZINGA MVEMBA 1506-1540 (AFFONSO I)
1. KONGO RENAISSANCE STATE capital at Sao Salvador do Kongo (formerly M'banza Kongo)
2. ACCEPTANCE OF PORTUGUESE CULTURE & TECHNOLOGY
Son DOM HENRIQUE BECAME A CATHOLIC BISHOP 1513 = Bishop of Utica (Pope Julius II 1503-1513)
THE PORTUGUESE UNDERMINE INDIGENOUS AUTHORITY THUS BEGINS THE SLAVE TRADE
THE PORTUGUESE UNDERMINED THE KINGDOM OF KONGO
Portuguese traded merchandise for slaves, not a new concept to the Kongo and others
Portuguese high demand for slaves CAUSED
LOCAL CONFLICTS In search of New Captives to trade as Slaves for European manufactured goods, including weapons.
The introduction of guns disrupted societies; Those with direct contacts with the Portuguese could trade humans for weapons which could then be used to capture still more slaves.
Beginning in 1514, the slave trade became an integral part of the economy of the area. Like all Kongo monarchs
SLAVE TRADE FROM THE CONGO
By the late 1700s, Europeans exported c. 15,000 slaves/year from the Congo
Congolese middlemen traded with the interior to supply this demand.
1790s: Slaves arrive at the coast from as far inland as seven hundred miles.
Slave Trade dominated the area until the British Banned Slave Trade in the Atlantic in 1807 followed by the US in 1808
Some Ethnic Groups in the interior Prospered as middlemen by abandoning their traditional productive activities such as farming and fishing CHANGING OCCUPTATIONS to devote Full Time to the slave trade and the trade of other European products
Some Ethnic Groups lost large numbers of their people to slavery REDUCED POPULATION
THE SLAVE TRADE CAUSED:
1. Direct Loss of Life through Warfare
2. The Fighting caused Indirect Loss of Life through Destruction of Crops and Food storage areas, and through the spread of diseases.
3. The slave trade enriched African kingdoms and communities developed advanced methods of warfare,
4. The slave trade destroyed many smaller populations.
NEW WORLD SLAVERY
The Portuguese Undermine Indigenous Authority Thus Begins The Slave Trade
The Portuguese export slaves (captured in war) from the African mainland to the islands of Sao Tome and Principe to work on Sugar Cane Plantations
Slaves work until they die and are replaced by a new slave (24 hour cycle especially when cooking down the cane syrup into sugar)
Slaves are Only African
Slaves are chattel—considered objects not humans
Slaves cannot earn or purchase their freedom
(Short Answer #3)
(See Video Clip Bance Island)
EUROPEAN FACTORIES BECOME SLAVE FORTS
SLAVE FORTS: GOREE ISLAND THE BARACOON Present-day Senegal
THE DOOR OF NO RETURN
SCALE MODEL SAO JORGE DA MINA Present-day Ghana
SLAVE FORTS: SAO JORGE DA MINA 1482
1500-1520 700 KG. GOLD/YEAR
1580-1600 500 KG GOLD/YEAR
EL MINA
PORTUGUESE CATHEDRAL
EL MINA
DOOR OF NO RETURN
SLAVE FORT: CAPE COAST Present-day Ghana
CAPE COAST FORT
ENTRANCE CAPE COAST FORT
CAPE COAST FORT
CAPE COAST FORT
CAPE COAST FORT
DOOR OF NO RETURN
THEORY
Africans Attempted Trade in the Americas (c. 750 BC) BEFORE Columbus (AD 1492)
AFRICANS IN THE AMERICAS
THEORY WITH EVIDENCE THAT AFRICANS WERE IN THE AMERICAS 700BC
PRIOR TO EUROPEAN CONTACT AD 1492
AFRICANS IN THE AMERICAS
THEORY In his book They Came Before Columbus, Ivan Van Sertima says that Africans were in the Americas prior to 1492.
He proposes that the Africans in the Americas came from the Empire of Mali (remember the Empire of Mali began 1235)
Physical Evidence: the Basalt Heads with African features found in Tres Zapotes, Mexico
AFRICAN PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
The physical Evidence shows head with sub-Saharan African Features
The carved head was painted black
The carving dates back to 700 BC.
The helmet being warn from the Kingdom of Kush
The Kingdom of Kush conquered Egypt in 750 BC
Kush Controlled trade on the Red Sea during this period
Trade Route: Red Sea, to East Africa (Indian Ocean), Rounding Africa into the Atlantic Ocean, Winds and Currents deposit traders in Mexico
The Evidence shows that his theory about the Africans coming from Mali is incorrect; They came from Kush/Egypt in East Africa
WINDS AND CURRENTS
Winds and currents show his proposal from West Africa to the Caribbean Sea.
The Map shows how The Africans came from the Kingdom of Kush c.700BC
