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5ColonialLifeways.pptxColonial Economies and Lifeways
Mercantilism and the Colonial Wars
Who Were the Invading Cultures and Why Did Europeans Dominate in North America?
Why Did the European Immigrants Come in the First Place?
Why Were Africans and Mexicans in the North and How Did They Survive the Northern European Onslaught?
Who Came
to the
Southern Colonies?
Often, upper class and upper middle class folks had a downturn of fortunes. While they still thought of themselves as member of the higher classes, they’re wealth might have been at a low ebb.
Some of the younger member of this group might strike out for the “New World” in the hope of getting rich quick.
On the other end of the scale, the poor might be facing debtor’s prison or work farms or starvation and choose to indebt themselves to colonial investors. They would give themselves up to a virtual slavery for a period of years in order to pay off their transportation debts. They would be know as indentured servants.
“Distressed Cavaliers”
Indentured Servants
David Hackett Fischer of Brandies University claims that many of the migrants to the Southern Colonies came from the South and Southwest of England – Especially during the English Civil War. they were largely from Loyalist regions.
The Lost Colony of Roanoke 1587
1584 Raleigh’s Charter
1585 First Colony Lands
1586 All go home with Drake after he destroyed St. Augustine
Reported Lost in 1590
Englishmen began to colonize North America during the reign of Queen Elizabeth. The first attempt was at Roanoke in 1584, which ended in disaster as mentioned in the last presentation.
The first “successful” English colony was at Jamestown in 1607. Bring gentry and indentured servants who were looking for quick riches, it was a mess of ineptitude. The gentry refused to work initially and the servants then refused to work for them.
Jamestown 1607
The Englishmen weren’t farmers and spent time looking for gold instead of growing crops. They also began to die because of diseases that permeated the swamplands along the James River (not to mention a rather wicked variety of poisonous snakes).
They also began to murder each other. The Powhatan (the local Indian culture) looked on in bemusement.
1607
Jamestown
When the English realized they had too little food to survive, they stole grain from the Powhatan, killing several of them in the process.
First priority is gold, later it’s tobacco – but never enough food.
A variety of folks with different professions made the trip, but it was not a well conceived mix.
Indentured Servants
40% Don’t Survive the Contract Period
Master Edward Maria Wingfield
Captaine Bartholomew Gosnoll
Captaine John Smyth
Captaine John Ratliffe
Captaine John Martin
Captaine George Kendall
Councell
Name
Occupation
Master Robert Hunt
Preacher
From: Jamestown Rediscovery List of Settler by Occupation http://apva.org/rediscovery/page.php?page_id=30
Council
--person chosen by the king to advise and assist in the governing the colony.
Preacher
--person responsible for the spiritual health of the colony. He conducted services and performed religious rites for settlers.
From : Occupations in Jamestown http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/teaching/jamestown/jobs_1.html
Master George Percie
Anthony Gosnoll
Captaine Gabriell Archer
Robert Ford
William Bruster
Dru Pickhouse
John Brookes
Thomas Sands
John Robinson
Ustis Clovill
Kellam Throgmorton
Nathaniell Powell
Robert Behethland
Jeremy Alicock
Thomas Studley
Richard Crofts
Nicholas Houlgrave
Thomas Webbe
John Waler
William Tanker
Francis Snarsbrough
Edward Brookes
Richard Dixon
John Martin
George Martin
Anthony Gosnold
Thomas Wotton, Surgeon
Thomas Gore
Francis Midwinter
Gentlemen
Gentleman
--a man of the upper-middle class (below the royal family, titled and lesser nobility) who was entitled to display arms (that is, had been granted a heraldic shield by the College of Heralds). The gentlemen settlers were all men who could afford and bought shares in the Virginia Company while still in London. A gentleman might hire laborers to work for him or pay the passage of others in hopes of building an estate in the New World.
William Laxon
Edward Pising
Thomas Emry
Robert Small
Anas Todkill
John Capper
Carpenters
James Read
Blacksmith
Jonas Profit
Sailer
Thomas Couper
Barber
John Herd
William Garret
Bricklayers
Edward Brinto
Mason
Carpenter
--craftsman who built furniture, tools, farm implements, wagons, and houses. The carpenter also took care of the wooden hull of a ship and repaired damage. The carpenter's skills were crucial because the primary route for transportation in the colony was by water.
Blacksmith
--fashioned iron tools for farming and building in a hot forge.
Sailor (Sailer)
--knew workings of ship and had navigational skills. Sailors were important to the Jamestown settlement even after they arrived because the major form of transportation was still by water up and down the James river.
Barber
--not only trimmed beards and hair but performed or assisted surgeries and dental operations.
Bricklayer
--craftsman who made and arranged bricks for buildings.
Mason
--a builder and worker in stone; cut stone to fit buildings.
William Love
Taylor
Nicholas Skot
Drum
John Laydon
William Cassen
George Cassen
Thomas Cassen
William Rods
William White
Ould Edward
Henry Tavin
George Golding
John Dods
William Johnson
William Unger
William Wickinson, Surgeon
Labourers
Samuell Collier
Nathaniel Peacock
James Brumfield
Richard Mutton
Boyes
The first supply ship in 1608 brought more gentlemen and general labourers, but also , a perfumer, a pipe-maker, an apothecary, and various other skilled workers…
….but , while these skills are valuable to the
Maintenance of a society, few would be
Knowledgeable about building a society from the
wilderness.
Coupers
Traders
Tailor (Taylor/Tailers)
--made clothes from cloth material and leather for gentlemen of fashion.
Laborer (Labourers)
--worked to grow whatever their gentleman masters wanted, generally corn or tobacco; worked building houses and other essential tasks.
Fueller
--person who supplied wood for fires. Wood was the major fuel source in the colony and was burned for heat, light, cooking, forging, and probably defense.
Refiner
--(probably) person who refined gold. The refiner would take gold in its rough natural state, remove any rocks or other debris, and mold it into a pure form. The Virginia Company thought they would find gold in the New World because the Spaniards had found it there. But there was no gold to be found in Virginia, so the Jamestown refiner would not have been very busy!
Gunner
--an officer under the Crown, responsible for artillery and ammunition.
Apothecary
--person who kept a store or shop of non-perishable items like spices, drugs, preserved fruits and vegetables. Apothecaries were like pharmacists because they make powders, syrups, tinctures, and pills to medicate illness or prevent it.
Surgeon
--medical man, often on a ship, who practiced healing by manual operation. Surgeons treated wounds, fractures, deformities, disorders through surgery.
Cooper (Couper)
--craftsman who made and repaired wooden vessels of storage such as casks, buckets, tubs, and barrels. Coopers made barrels to store a variety of foodstuffs, water, wine, and other goods as well. The cooper's task was a difficult art which is passed down from master to apprentice.
Tobacco-Pipe-maker
--artisan who made pipes for the smoking of tobacco.
Tradesman
--person who went into the interior of the colony to trade British items for Indian furs and goods, often food. For many years, Jamestown survived solely on the food Indians gave or traded with them.
Captain John Smith had been hired to train the men for any military operation that might be needed. He was on an exploration down the river systems and hunting for meat when the Jamestown stooges perpetrated they’re theft.
It was up to Smith to make things right. He sought out Chief Powhatan and convinced him to spare the colonists.
The John Smith Legend
Powhatan (the name of the chief or sachem) decided to adopt Smith. This process include a somewhat elaborate ceremony where Smith ritually died and was then reborn as a Powhatan. It involved the ritual guidance of a young maid, in this case Powhatan’s daughter Pocahontas.
Pocahontas was a real person…a rather brilliant one at that.
For those of you who have bought into the romantic mythology about Pocahontas and Smith, remember that he was a hardened warrior/explorer in his thirties and she was about nine. While they likely had a friendship, that was as far as it went.
Pocahontas would go on to marry John Rolfe, an enterprising tobacco farmer. Her knowledge of both cultures kept them from killing each other, but she unfortunately died in England, after capturing the hearts of British socialites.
Her uncle Opechancenough was convinced that she had been murdered and waged two decade long wars against the settlers.
Failing to find gold, the settlers turned to cash crops (and still relied on the Indians for food).
Indigo, rice, and tobacco.
Eventually, Jamestown became a thriving trading port, but not without continuous immigration from the motherland. The death rates were extraordinary and without this constant influx, the colony would likely have failed.
1619 An English pirate ship captures a Portuguese slaver and brings 40 slaves to Jamestown.
From Indentured Servitude
To Slavery
As more and more indentured servants began to outlive their contracts, they required land per their agreements. The landowners, refusing to give up prime lands near the coast, sent them to the foothills of the Appalachians.
Unfortunately, for the former servants, the English had pushed the Indians to the piedmont as well. Conflicts inexorably arose.
Opechancanough and Powhatan Wars In Virginia 1622 & 1644
Indians and Indentured Servants from Tidewater to Piedmont
Tidewater region.
Piedmont…beautiful, but deadly.
Nathaniel Bacon and the Piedmont Militias
Another “gentleman” came to Virgina in 1674 to try his luck at plantation life in the now well established colony of Virginia. He had significant family ties in the land with a major landowning cousin, also Nathaniel, and a cousin by marriage, William Berkeley. Berkeley was also the governor. Bacon came from England expecting a warm welcome from the Virginia elite. Personality conflicts ended the warmth quickly.
Bacon purchased a plantation near Jamestown and also one farther into the wilderness, closer to Indian territory. The local tribes had been moved out of tidewater region into the region where Bacon was to acquire land. Against Berkeley’s wishes, Bacon formed a militia, largely of former indentured servants and went to war with Indians. Berkeley’s syndicate had lucrative trading arrangements with these Indians, so he branded Bacon a rebel in 1676.
Bacon and his men would take over Jamestown and force Berkeley to flee, but Bacon soon died of dysentery (at age 29) and the rebellion ended.
Some scholars consider Bacon to be a hero, going so far as dub him America’s first democratic revolutionary. Others suspect he was a self interested, racist, killer of indigenous families.
The Effect of Bacon’s Rebellion on Slavery 1676
By 1648 there are 300 slaves in the Jamestown Colony
Of 2000 African-Americans in Jamestown in 1660, many are free and some own slaves themselves.
All this changes after Bacon’s Rebellion.
Plantation owners become convinced that the reliance on indentured servitude is more trouble than it is worth and move toward a race based slavery as the new labor model.
The colonists begin to purchase Africans from Spanish, English, Dutch, and English slavers who in turn had purchased African villagers from slave trading West African empires.
The Europeans took the Africans on a deadly voyage across the Atlantic (referred to as the Middle Passage) and sold the Africans in slavery throughout the Western Hemisphere.
It is impossible to comprehend the horror of the slave experience. The utter brutality and hopelessness of being owned by another human is not something that free men and women can fathom.
(It is horrific to note, however, that many human rights activists have calculated that more slaves exist in the world today than ever before. Someone might want to tackle the verification of these claims for a research paper.)
Slavery Expands Exponentially
New Slave Laws Passed
1662 A Child of a Slave Mother is a Slave
1667 Baptism No Longer a Claim for Freedom
1669 A Slaveholder Who Kills a Slave Cannot Be Charged With a Crime
1670 Free Blacks Cannot Hold White Indentured Servants
Those designated as slaves are slaves for life.
By the year of the first census there are 757,000 slaves in the United States out of total population of just under 4 million.
By early 1700s slaves outnumber whites in the Carolinas. 65% of South Carolina’s population is slave.
South Carolina and Georgia
(Begin as prorietary colonies, but quickly become a crown colonies.)
Slave Quarters
African horticulturalists are enslaved and brought to South Carolina specifically for rice cultivation.
Slavery is legalized in Massachusetts in 1641, although most of the slaves are Indians who will be sold to sugar plantations in the Caribbean.
New Amsterdam and later New York will be the largest of slave entry points until Charleston, S.C. and Washington D.C. build huge slave markets.
In 1620, a group of disgruntled Congregationalists (Puritans) left England during a time of intensifying religious conflict. They’re intent was to establish a colony in the “northern parts of Virginia that would allow them to worship in a faith segregated utopia. They were no tolerant of other faiths.
The settlers were financed for commercial purpose by a group of investors who called themselves the “adventurers” (think of venture capitalists), but the Puritans clearly saw this as a practical necessity.
Being blown off course by a storm, they landed farther north than expected, and after a desperate search found open coastal land. As with the Jamestown colonists, they were unprepared for survival.
45 die in the first winter.
Massachusetts Coastal Forest
Local Indians had recently been decimated by diseases contracted from European traders.
Three Successive Epidemics 1617-1619
Estimates of 33%-90% Dead
In Witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names at Cape Cod the eleventh of November, in the Reign of our Sovereign Lord, King James of England, France and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth. Anno Domini, 1620."
Before disembarking from the Mayflower, after a long rough voyage, the men (both Puritans and others) signed an agreement to be bonded as a community.
This was The Mayflower Compact.
"In the name of God, Amen. We, whose names are underwritten, the Loyal Subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord, King James, by the Grace of God, of England, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, e&.
Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and Advancement of the Christian Faith, and the Honour of our King and Country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia; do by these presents, solemnly and mutually in the Presence of God and one of another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid; And by Virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions and Offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the General good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due submission and obedience.
Mayflower 1620
Who Came
to the
Northern Colonies?
John Alden. Cooper (barrel-maker) from Harwich, co. Essex, England. About 21-years old.
Isaac Allerton. Tailor and merchant, about 34-years old, probably from co. Suffolk, England.
Mrs. Mary (Norris) Allerton, from Newbury, co. Berkshire, England.
Bartholomew Allerton, about 7-years old.
Remember Allerton, about 5-years old.
Mary Allerton, about 3-years old.
John Allerton. Seaman. Perhaps a brother to Isaac.
John Billington. From near Spaulding, co. Lincolnshire, England, about 40-years old.
Mrs. Elinor Billington
John Billington (II), about 16-years old.
Francis Billington, about 14-years old.
William Bradford. Husbandman, fustian-weaver during his time in Holland. Later governor of
Plymouth. From Austerfield, co. Yorkshire, England, about 30-years old.
Mrs. Dorothy (May) Bradford. About 23-years old, from Wisbeech, co. Cambridgeshire, England.
William Brewster. Postmaster of Scrooby. Personal secretary to William Davison, Secretary of
State under Queen Elizabeth. Publisher and printing press owner. Plymouth Church Elder.
From Scrooby, co. Nottinghamshire, England, about 54-years old.
Mrs. Mary Brewster. About 51-years old, probably also from co. Nottinghamshire, England.
Love Brewster. About 9-years old.
Wrestling Brewster. About 6-years old.
William Holbeck. A servant to William White, under the age of 21. Perhaps from co. Warwickshire, England.
John Hooke. 13-year old servant to Isaac Allerton, originally from Norwich, co. Norfolk, England.
Stephen Hopkins. From Hursley, co. Hampshire, England, about 42-years old. Minister's clerk and shopkeeper.
Mrs. Elizabeth (Fisher) Hopkins. Probably in her late 30s or very early 40s.
Constance Hopkins. 14-years old.
Giles Hopkins. 12-years old.
Damaris Hopkins. About 1 year old.
Oceanus Hopkins. Born on the voyage, while the Mayflower was at sea headed for America.
John Howland. From Fenstanton, co. Huntingtonshire, England. Servant to John Carver, about 21-years old.
John Langmore. A servant to Christopher Martin, who was under the age of 21.
William Latham. An 11-year old servant to John Carver, and later of William Bradford.
Edward Leister. A servant to Stephen Hopkins, he was between 21-25 years old.
Edward Margesson. An adult, perhaps a 34-year old from Swinnington, co. Norfolk, England.
Christopher Martin. From Great Burstead, co. Essex, England, a merchant, about 40-years old.
Mrs. Mary (Prower) Martin, probably in her late 30s.
Solomon Prower, an older teenager, from Great Burstead., co. Essex, England.
Desire Minter. A young girl, perhaps in her early teens, servant to John Carver, from Norwich, co. Norfolk, England.
Ellen More. 8-year old, apprenticed out to Edward Winslow. From Shipton, co. Shropshire, England.
Jasper More. 7-year old, apprenticed out to John Carver. From Shipton, co. Shropshire, England.
Richard More. 6-year old, apprenticed out to William Brewster. From Shipton, co. Shropshire, England.
Mary More. 4-year old, apprenticed out to William Brewster. From Shipton, co. Shropshire, England.
103 leave England, 102 arrive.
In Witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names at Cape Cod the eleventh of November, in the Reign of our Sovereign Lord, King James of England, France and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth. Anno Domini, 1620."
Putting the romantic depiction of the Puritan landing aside, a later patriotic celebration committee (after the Revolution) invented the story about Plymouth Rock.
Squanto
Bradford
Standish
Massasoit
After an initial period of tension, Puritan leaders William Bradford and Miles Standish (a smaller, crankier version of John Smith) brokered a long lasting peace with Massasoit and his Wampanoag peoples.
The Puritans were now free to create a little facsimile of an English village that they named after one of their hometowns in England.
Like the story about Plymouth Rock, the story of the first Thanksgiving seems to have been invented much later.
The story will lead to a Congressional bill, signed into law by Abraham Lincoln, making the supposed date of the event into a national holiday.
Plymouth 1620
Unlike the colonies farther south, Plymouth quickly becomes a thriving colony. It has women and children, in other words, families who are there to stay, not to get rich and return to England.
The colony’s success encouraged other Puritans to immigrate with the intent of establishing a religious utopia (for Puritans at least).
Virginia Colonies
New England Colonies
Why the radically different survival rates? The New England colonies were environmentally healthier and were populated by families who intended to stay. The Virginia colonies were populated largely by indentured servants, slaves, and plantation owners looking to get rich, and in many cases, they ultimately planned to return to England.
Massachusetts Bay Colony 1628
Followed by massive migration in the 1630s.
More people, better armed, belief that God has paved the way.
Dissenters
To Rhode Island
1635
1638
Not all settlers got along well in Massachusetts. Roger Williams had disagreements with the church hierarchy over a number of issues. He believed that the churches of Massachussetts should be completely separated from all other English church affiliations and that the separated churches should allow freedom of conscience. In other words, parishioners would not be punished for deviations from church dogma. This is often considered to be the origins fo the separation of church and state idea so important in the American fabric.
He also believed that one should be re-baptized after the age of consent.
He will agree with Governor John Winthrop that exile would be mutually beneficial. With his congregation he will found a new colony called Rhode Island and establish the first Baptist church in the Americas.
Religious Freedom?
Exile to Salem 1632
Establishes Rhode Island 1636
Another dissenter, Anne Hutchinson, was actually more puritanical than the elite, governing Puritans in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. She accuse them of corrupting the original intent of establishing a Puritan utopia. Gaining a large following, she’ll be seen as dangerous to the power structure and accused of both heresy and witchcraft.
Anne, with her family, will be exiled to Rhode Island where conflicts with Roger Williams quickly arise.
She and her family will finally settle on Long Island where they are killed by Indians.
Mary Dyer’s execution for being a Quaker and refusing to leave the colony is another illustration of Puritan intolerance.
…welcomed by Williams
Mary Dyer executed on the Boston Commons in 1660.
1637 Anne Hutchinson Exiled from Boston,
Lifeways in the Puritan and Separatists colonies are restricted by totalitarian rule.
Puritan Expansion
Expansion of settlements in New England will continue while Civil War (ending in the regicide of Charles II) and the Puritan Commonwealth and Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell.
During this period, the colonists will gains a greater sense of autonomy.
English Civil War 1642-1651
English Civil War 1642-1651
Many protestant colonists return to fight.
Rump Parliament Executes Charles I Jan 30, 1649
British Commonwealth
1649-1653
Cromwell vs. Levellers
Cromwell’s Protectorate 1653-1658
Restoration 1660
Charles II
James II (Chas. II brother)
Converts to Catholicism Crowned 1685
By 1675 the Wampanoag, now under Massasoit’s son Metacom (called King Philip by the colonists) will attempt to form a multi-tribal military alliance to end the expansion of European settlement.
This will result in a devastating war that ends the half century of relative peace. (At least it was a peace for the colonists. The indigenous peoples were, of course, not faring as well.)
King Philip’s War
Glorious Revolution 1688
Protestant Parliament conspires with Dutch Stadtholder William of Orange and his wife Mary (James II’s daughter) to overthrow James II.
Protestants William and Mary rule jointly beginning 1688.
As Dutch stadtholder, William had been carrying on mercantilist wars again Louis XIV of France.
King William’s proclivity for mercantilists trade wars will expand into four Colonial Wars fought from 1690 to 1765. These wars, and their attendant costs will ultimately lead to the revolutionary separation of the colonies.