How do various drinks influence athlete performance [caffeinated, potassium-rich, protein-rich, vitamin-water, carbohydrate-rich, exercise drinks, sport drinks, energy drinks, fruit juice, soft drinks]?
Thosea
598PPT07QualitativeRESDesign-2020.pptxDesign of Qualitative Research
Dr. Terry Conkle
Spring 2020 – PED 598
Qualitative RES is a Type of Descriptive RES
Qualitative RES Methods include data collection and analysis primarily grounded in observation, interview, and document review.
Qualitative RES involves a systematic analysis of language, actions, and documents to determine patterns, themes, or theories that describe and provide insight into situations.
It’s based on “traditions” such as:
Ethnography
Phenomenology
Ethnomethodology
Symbolic Interactionism
Ecological Psychology
Systems Theory
Ethnography
is defined as an illuminative account of social life and culture in a particular social system based on multiple detailed observations of what people actually do in the social setting being observed
Phenomenology
is the study of “phenomena” (appearances of things, or things as they appear in our experience, or the ways we experience things, thus the meanings things have in our experience)
Phenomenology studies conscious experience from the subjective or first-person point of view
Ethnomethodology
is the study of how social order is produced in and through processes of social interaction. It generally seeks to provide an alternative to mainstream sociological approaches. In its most radical form, it poses a challenge to the social sciences as a whole
Symbolic Interactionism
is a sociological theory that develops from practical considerations and alludes to people's particular utilization of dialect to make images and normal implications, for deduction and correspondence with others
Ecological Psychology
Focuses specifically on the interdependencies of humans and their environments, which typically are studied under real-world conditions rather than in the laboratory. This type of RES has given rise to a variety of very different approaches and lines of research.
Two of which are common.
One approach is concerned with explaining and understanding perception.
The other approach is concerned with social behavior.
Systems Theory
Is the transdisciplinary study of the abstract organization of phenomena, independent of their substance, type, or spatial or temporal scale of existence. It investigates both the principles common to all complex entities, and the (usually mathematical) models which can be used to describe them.
The “Working Plan” or “Working Design” in Qualitative RES
Outlines who the participants will be.
Identifies the length of time for data collection.
Indicates the possible variables for consideration.
Delineates or Summarizes the conceptual framework related to the study.
Shapes the data analysis procedures that will be used.
Required Thought Processes for Qualitative RES
The Planning Process must consider these steps:
Determine a focus for the inquiry
Determine a paradigm focus
Determine what instrumentation will be best to use
Determine data collection and recording procedures
Plan data management and analysis procedures
Plan for trustworthiness techniques to ensure a reliable and valid study
Qualitative Inquiry is Based on 1 or More Traditions
It takes the form of a Case Study, Multi-case Study, or Multi-site Study.
Case Study -
Multi-Case Study -
Multi-Site Study -
Case Study
a process or record of research in which detailed consideration is given to the development of a particular person, group, or situation over a period of time.
Multi-Case Study
Multiple-case design, or collective case design, refers to case study research in which several instrumental bounded cases are selected to develop a more in-depth understanding of a phenomena than a single case can provide.
Multi-Site Study
investigates a defined, contemporary phenomenon that is common to two or more real-world or naturalistic settings.
Qualitative RES Sampling & Data Collection
The “sample” in Qualitative RES deals with events or phenomena.
Specifics regarding the data analysis changes based on the conceptual focus of a study.
Data are collected via observation, Interview, or Document Review – these determine the type of sampling used.
Theoretical Sampling in Qualitative RES
Theoretical sampling - can be defined as “the process of data collection for generating theory whereby the analyst jointly collects, codes and analyses his data and decides what data to collect next and where to find them in order to develop his theory as it emerges.” In simple terms, theoretical sampling can be defined as the process of collecting, coding and analyzing data in a simultaneous manner in order to generate a theory.
This sampling method is closely associated with grounded theory methodology.
Case Sampling in Qualitative RES
Typical Case Sampling allows you to develop a profile about what is normal or average for a particular phenomenon.
Critical Case Sampling is where samples are collected that should most likely to give you the information you’re looking for; They are particularly important cases or those that highlight vital information.
Extreme Case Sampling in Qualitative RES
Extreme (or deviant) case sampling is a type of purposive sampling that is used to focus on cases that are special or unusual, typically in the sense that the cases highlight notable outcomes, failures or successes.
Intensity Sampling in Qualitative RES
The process of selecting or searching for rich or excellent examples of the phenomenon of interest. These are not, however, extreme or deviant cases.
Convenience Sampling in Qualitative RES
The researcher simply chooses the most efficient and convenient sample available, regardless of the value of participant attributes, characteristics, etc.
This method is usually not defensible in any type of research, but it is frowned-upon even more in qualitative research due to it being essentially individuals who are the most ready, willing, and able to participate in the study.
Researcher Notes
Because Qualitative Inquiry is still an emerging design, it is vital that researchers document any and all decisions about design and design changes during the study!
Field Notes – information that is observed and documented in the research setting (e.g., running record of everything that occurred in the observation setting, and the data about the situation under observation).
Method Notes – notes to which the researcher will refer countless times during the study and in writing the research report to identify and defend methodological choices, including sampling decisions.
