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YIFU1216
5.Prologue-ProfessionalizingtheOfficerCorps.pptPROLOGUE:
PROFESSIONALIZING THE OFFICER CORPS
TO WAR WITH SPAIN
(Left) A stalwart American regular bids his sweetheart goodbye in a sentimental postcard. (Below) A regiment of Ohio National Guardsmen parade past cheering throngs on the way to a railroad station for transportation to a U.S. Volunteers training camp.
GENERAL MILES PROPOSES AN ENLARED REGULAR ARMY TO FIGHT THE WAR
(Left) General of the Army Nelson A. Miles. (Right) A well-trained and equipped regular army infantryman stands before his barracks.
THE POLITICIAN WHO RUSHED OFF TO WAR
(Left) Theodore Roosevelt photographed as lieutenant colonel of the 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry before he went off to war in the spring of 1898. (Right) Roosevelt, now a full colonel, in his headquarters tent after the regiment’s return to the United States in the late summer.
COURAGE ENOUGH TO WIN A FIGHT
In this famous painting by Frederic Remington, Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt leads the way on horseback as his Rough Riders storm Spanish entrenchments atop Kettle Hill outside of Santiago de Cuba on July 1, 1898.
THE LAST HURRAH FOR AMERICAN MILITARY AMATEURISM
Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt and his Rough Riders pose atop San Juan Hill following the fighting outside Santiago on July 1, 1898.
UNEXPECTED NUMBERS PRODUCE CHAOS AT VOLUNTEER TRAINING CAMPS
(Below) Two unkempt and shoeless Kansas volunteers read letters from home beside their only shelter, a small “dog tent.” (Right) A Maryland volunteer in front of his larger tent, which is equipped with a wooden floor and cots – but note the gaping hole just above his head.
A POORLY ADMINISTERED ARMY
Volunteers from the 71st New York Infantry preparing to evacuate Cuba. Their haggard and ragged appearance testify to the poor care American soldiers received at the front as well as at home.
VICTORY IN CUBA
Courage and aggressiveness allowed the Americans to prevail against the Spanish.
AN ARMY SCOURGED BY DISEASE
Field hospitals and American medical personnel in the Spanish-American War.
McKINLEY INSTALLS A WALL STREET LAWYER IN THE WAR DEPARTMENT
(Left) President William McKinley. (Right) Elihu Root, who became Secretary of War in 1899.
A NEW PRESIDENT ORDERS ROOT TO PROFESSIONALIZE THE U.S. ARMY
(Left) President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904. (Right) Elihu Root.
THE GENERAL STAFF ACT OF 1903
The first two Army Chiefs of Staff. (Left) Lieutenant General Samuel B.M. Young held the position from August 15, 1903, to January 8, 1904. (Right) Lieutenant General Adna R. Chaffee, was chief of staff from January 9, 1904, to January 14, 1906.
THE ARMY WAR COLLEGE
(Above) The original Army War College building is visible in the distance in this 1921 photograph of Fort McNair. (Below) The War College’s eventual home, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. (Right) A major of U.S. Infantry, circa 1911.
EDUCATION AND ACTIVE SERVICE: A MULTI-TIERED SCHOOL SYSTEM FOR U.S. ARMY OFFICERS
1. U.S. Military Academy at West Point
2. Small Garrison Schools
3. Branch Schools
4. Fort Leavenworrth
5. Army War College
(Left) A first lieutenant of the 18th U.S. Infantry in his 1902 dress uniform.
CONGRESS ENLARGES AMERICA’S IMPERIAL ARMY
The 14th U.S. Infantry fights its way into Peking to rescue besieged Westerners during China’s Boxer Rebellion of 1900.
THE NATIONAL GUARD, AN UNCERTAIN RESERVE FORCE
(Upper right) Adjutant General Thomas W. Scott, Illinois National Guard, 1903-9. (Lower right) Adjutant General James B. Smith, Illinois National Guard, 1902-3. (Below) California Guardsmen on duty to prevent looting following the San Francisco Earthquake in 1906.
THE MILITIA ACT OF 1903
(Upper left) Representative Charles W. Dick of Ohio, the sponsor of the law intended to impose certain federal standards on the National
Guard. (Upper right) New York National Guardsmen training in modern uniforms with a modern fieldpiece in 1917. (Below) New Jersey National Guardsmen on parade in the early 1900s.
IMPROVED SMALL ARMS
American soldiers battle Moro tribesmen in the Philippines with M 1903 Springfield rifles and M 1911 Colt automatic pistols.
AN IMPROVED FIELD PIECE AND AN INFERIOR MACHINE GUN
(Upper left) The M 1902 3-inch gun, based on the superior French 75-mm gun. (Lower left) The M 1911 Benét-Mercié machine gun. This weapon proved to be prone to jamming. (Below) A 3-inch gun battery in action.
THE GREAT WHITE FLEET
(Below) President Theodore Roosevelt. (Upper right) The Great White Fleet steams out of Hampton Roads, Virginia, 1907. (Lower right) The Great White Fleet at sea.
AMERICA BUILDS A BATTLESHIP NAVY
(Below) The USS Connecticut on its commissioning, September 29, 1906. (Upper right) The Connecticut plows through the water on its high-speed trials. (Lower right) The USS Louisiana lying off Coronado, California, April 1908.
BIGGER, HEAVIER SHIPS WITH MIGHTIER GUNS
(Upper left) Gunnery practice on the USS Connecticut, 1913. (Lower left) The USS Michigan fires a broadside with its 12-inch guns, 1912. (Upper right) USS Utah in 1914. (Lower right) A column of American battleships steaming through Atlantic waters.
THE U.S. NAVY GENERAL BOARD CREATED, 1900
(Left) Secretary of the Navy John D. Long. (Right) Admiral George Dewey, the main American naval hero of the Spanish-American War and the first president of the General Board.
AN UNDERMANNED NAVY
Naval recruiting did not keep pace with the construction of new American warships. (Upper left) Sailors and Marines aboard the USS Kentucky, 1914. (Lower left) A scene above decks on an American battleship, 1915. (Below) President Theodore Roosevelt welcomes sailors of the Great White Fleet back to the United States in February 1909.
THE U.S. MARINE CORPS: IN SEARCH OF A MODERN MISSION
Founded in 1798 during the Age of Fighting Sail, the U.S. Marine Corps provided the U.S. Navy with policemen to maintain order aboard ship and in navy yards. Marines also served as sharpshooters and the spearheads for boarding parties in combat. Advances in naval discipline and technology obviated the need for these missions by the end of the 19th century.
A NEW MISSION OPENS AT GUANTANAMO BAY
(Upper left) Guantanamo Bay following its conversion into an American naval station, circa 1915. (Lower left) U.S. Marines leaving Boston for the Spanish-American Bay. (Below) U.S. Marines defending Guantanamo Bay, June 1898.
THE MARINE CORPS EMBRACES THE ADVANCED BASE MISSION
(Above) A Marine detachment leaves its barracks at the Charlestown Navy Yard to board ship in 1906. (Lower left) Marines raise the Stars and Stripes during an advanced base exercise in the Caribbean on the eve of World War I.
THE MARINES ALSO CLING TO TRADITIONAL MISSIONS
U.S. Marines assigned to guard American diplomatic installations in China, 1900.
NAVAL AVIATION GETS OFF THE GROUND
(Below) Inventor Glenn Curtiss, seen here with Henry Ford, an early pioneer in naval aviation. (Upper right) Lieutenant Theodore Gordon Ellyson, Naval Aviator No. 1. (Lower right) Lieutenant Ellyson at the controls of a Curtiss hydroplane in 1912.
A STRONGER NAVY WITH A LIMITED RANGE
(Lower left) The battleship USS Texas in 1914. (Lower right) The battleship USS Kentucky in 1907. (Upper right) Two battleships from the Great White Fleet, circa 1907-9.
