5 discussion questions
This article serves as a tool for candidates to understand identity as a social construct that influences the counseling relationship and process. (See attachement Unit 11.1)
Question #1
How do you identify yourself? What makes how you identify yourself important?
Beginning of lecture…….
In this segment, we're going to take a closer look at solution focused brief therapy. This is a therapy that we find that a lot oftherapists like and also a lot of young people like. Part of it is because it gives us a sense of hope in the way that we work wewant to be able to have opportunities for young folks to be able to see that the things that they want, the things that they'redoing, has some type of ending timetable.
So solution focused brief therapy allows us the opportunity to engage with people in a very clean and simple way, to moveforward in a very structured manner, and know that there's a time table at the end of it. It also has a set of assumptions that Iwant to take a look at which can guide us on a personal level, as well as from a theoretical level.
So this therapy is grounded in a positive orientation. What this means is it's not a problem-saturated therapy. It also meansthat the goal is and the belief is, intimately, things can change. If there's a problem, there is a solution. If there's a solution,then all it means is that we have the right strategy to get there.
And so it also has a baseline of understanding around positive psychology. So if you look at the work of Dr. Linda James Myers,who's one of my favorites, and her theory looks at functioning optimally. In all situations, there's a level of functioning thatoccurs. We also believe that, from a positivistic or positive psychology standpoint, we want to move towards this positiveenergy. We want to do everything in our power to make sure that we're functioning at the highest levels at all times.
This means there's a future orientation as well. It doesn't mean that everything is roses, and that there's no sense of struggle.But it means that even in the midst of the struggle, there's an out. There's a way out, there's a focus, and it's our job to staygrounded and thoughtful. And in doing so, we're going to be able to push ourselves towards that solution. The focus, again, istowards the solution.
Again, in this therapy the past is downplayed, while the present and future are highlighted. I want to know not necessarily whatdidn't work in the past. I might ask about what did work, but then I'm going to spend more time thinking about where we areright now and what is the plan for the future. This is the emphasis, this is the focus, this is where all of our attention is.
Think about it. If you come from a position where you've been constantly downtrodden, how much time do you really want tospend thinking about how jacked up your life is? What you want to think about is, hey, you know what? You've been throughsome things. Well, here we are now. You're still fighting, and I believe that the future is going to be much brighter for you.
We also know that we want to think about, again, what's working. What things are we doing that actually work? Again, in earlierdiscussions we talked about being able to say if you did it once, you're going to be able to do it again. If you can push yourselfup the mountain once, you can climb a bigger mountain.
We want to think about what strategies work? What plays into your personality? How does this impact your future development?What resources do you have that lead towards a positive outcome? What resources are needed to lead to a positive outcome?All these things are all designed in a manner that allows us to keep a very focused mission in place.
And so when working with clients it allows us to partner around finding a solution. It's easy to partner about looking at what'snext. It is not so great to talk about, or it's very difficult to engage someone in their own history that's already been passed, it'salready been written. So I don't have much to say about what's already been done. I can help you reshape it, but I definitelyhave an influence on what's about to come.
These are some of the basic assumptions in solution focused brief therapy. One, we recognize that the problem itself may notbe relevant to finding effective solutions. This is very critical. We can talk about the problem. What the problem does is tell mewhat's happened. It gives me a pattern and a baseline for understanding how you respond. It gives me an opportunity to seehow other people play their roles. It also gives me the opportunity to see what pitfalls have been set in front of you in the pastand what things are you most likely to fall trap into.
But it doesn't necessarily tell me what the solution is going to be. So it gives me a baseline of understanding. It gives me abaseline to see what can possibly happen. But we also know that if you were very good at doing it before, you wouldn't beasking me the same questions about what the solution is. So the fact that the solution may not have been developed yet, that'swhere I want to focus. Or you may have found the solution and abandoned it. And that's what happens a lot of times.
We also look to see and believe that people can create their own solutions. A lot of times, through reflection, and thought, andunderstanding, and a raising of consciousness about some situations, you will come to a solution that works most effectivelyfor you. What a counselor in this setting does on this theory is create the opportunity and space for you to go through thatlevel of self-exploration and to be able to be a fact checker or someone to be a reality tester for you to say, if you do this, thenthis may happen. If you consider this option, then there is a likelihood that something else might change.
But we also recognize that I do not know what is best for your life. You know what's best for your life, and ultimately I'm goingto be here to support you. And by doing so, you have ownership, and you're going to continue the process of developingsolutions as you move forward throughout the rest of your life.
One thing that's very critical about our work as school counselors is that we have many, many, many problems that face usevery day. A good school counselor doesn't get bogged down with understanding the problem, because once you've gonethrough a cycle of problems, you know what the problems are. You know what's going to happen. You know the behavior.What you're very good at is creating space for solutions to arise. So you have to have an openness about you that says, I caninspire you to think about things. And you're going to come up with something that's going to be best for you.
We also know we're not always going for the big hit. It's not home runs every time you're up to the bat. What we do know isthat small changes lead to large changes. Step by step, line by line, precept upon precept, we begin to develop things in a waythat the small changes begin to grow.
One thing that often happens, particularly to young people, is they get overwhelmed by the magnitude of a problem. So thinkabout if you're a sixth grader. Can you think about all the resources you need to have in going to college in the sixth grade?No, you can't contend with all those things. What you can do is make your bed, eat your breakfast, eat your Wheaties, go toschool, be respectful, be thoughtful, do your homework, make sure that you do things on time, be diligent, be careful, be ableto listen to folks, take leadership, be involved, be engaged.
If you do all those things year by year, you're going to be a great college candidate. All those things are things that successfulpeople do. So to think that you're going to plan your future based off of just sitting down one time in therapy or with yourschool counselor is not necessarily realistic. What you can do is start and create momentum that leads to the larger changesthat are life-affirming.
We also recognize that the client is the expert on their life. You know you better than I know you. I can tell you this much--don't nobody know me better than me. My mama thinks she does, and she thinks she can predict everything. But I havesecrets, I have things that I know, I have hopes, I have dreams, I have limitations, I have things that I want to do that I knowthat I'm not even capable of doing. But I know this-- I know my life better than anybody else.
If you think you know your life, being in a position of leadership as a counselor doesn't give you the right to think that you ownor know more about other people's lives. So this is a position where we really have to value and say, you are the expert of yourlife. You are the person that's going to guide your situation, and you're also the person who has to live with the consequencesof your situation.
So that means it's best to take the ball in your hand and run with it. It also gives us the opportunity to say, hey, if you're theexpert on your life, that means you're the author of your life. That means you can change your life trajectory based off of whatit is that you want, what you can imagine, and what you can will. So therefore, if you're the author of it, and you're the expertof it, it's your responsibility to take control of it. This is a great and very empowering position for people to know that anythingthat comes to them is going to be something they can create, and they have the power and the support system around them tobe able to make those changes.
Another point that's very important is that a counselor takes the position of not knowing. Taking this position is not one ofsilence, it's not one of ignorance, it's not one of abdicating responsibility. But it's a position of saying I know what I do know.With things I don't know, we're going to have to see. And so therefore my position of not knowing allows you an opportunity toconstruct your own solutions. So I'm not the expert of your life, so therefore I can't tell you what to do. What I can do issupport you in the process of finding solutions. And again, as I stated earlier, it allows me to be a coach, allows me to besomeone who can move things forward, help you with your blind spots, do research, develop opportunities that's going to setyou up for success, and put you in a position to win. That's ultimately the goal.
The other piece is we're doing this within a time frame that is very much structured. So we know how long it's going to take forsomething to take place. My expertise as a solution focused counselor is someone that has seen information in the past, who'sworked with many people, and when I'm working with a young person, I'm able to sit and look at them and say, you mightremind me of someone else that I know that have been in a situation. This is one path that we can take. This is another paththat we can take. Here's one more third path that might be an option. But ultimately, we're going to sit down together, and youcan decide which option you're going to take and what's your strategy for success.
And in doing so, we're going to measure it, we're going to think about it, we're going to reflect upon it, we're going to raise ourconsciousness around these issues, and then we're going to develop a solution that actually is going to work for you. Andwhile we put this solution in place, it doesn't mean that the game is over. What it really means is that this is a plan of actionthat we're going to engage upon and a pathway that we're going to walk. And through our process together, we're going tofigure out what works and doesn't work as we move.
So part of the focus is being able to understand what solution focus is. Again, this is a therapeutic practice, this is a theory,that allows us to situate ourselves and ground us in a position where the expectation is there's going to be a positive outcome.It will force us to look for solutions when we're very problem laden.
Again, most people in the world, not just students or families that are in schools, are individuals who get into very problemsaturated world. Think about the news. The news does a very good job of laying out what the problems of the day are mostnewscasts do not have a section that says remedies, or says this is the solution, or this is the way out. And even when you think about politicians, government officials, leaders, most leaders are very good at grandstanding about what the problem is.But very few of them have any real solutions.
One of the things that we know is that on an individual level you have to be a person that can think about opportunities inways that are very creative, to be able to make changes on some very real-world solutions. This is a platform, a framework,that allows for creativity to kind of come out. And so when it's coming out, you want to be able to track it, know what works,put it into action, and be willing to go through the process with clients in a manner that allows them to be the leaders of theirown life and develop their leadership skills. And we'll be their support.
So keep this in mind as you're working, and hopefully you'll use some of these tenets as you're working from a solutionfocused standpoint. and also, include these in many of the other theories that you're working from.
End of lecture……………….
Question #2
What other strategies/theories would you employ to work with students regarding their school success and well-being?
Question #3
What ethical dilemmas do you anticipate being difficult to negotiate as a counselor candidate entering clinical work (internship and as a professional)?
The presentation Trauma and the Brain in this unit's lecture slide deck provides a baseline understanding of the impact of trauma on the brain. It is important for us to look at both psychological and biological factors that impact behavior. Review the PowerPoint presentation and take notes in preparation for the interview that follows.
William A. Harrison, PhD, is a licensed clinical psychologist practicing in New York and New Jersey. He currently works at an independent school for children with learning disabilities in New York City. He also sees clients at a private clinic in the area that specializes in the treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Prior to this, Dr. Harrison worked at a social service agency that served abused and neglected children in foster care, adults with developmental disabilities, and unaccompanied minors from Central and South America. Dr. Harrison has worked with children, teens and adults over the years in schools, clinics, hospitals, and residential settings. He has years of experience evaluating and treating behavioral, mood, and neuro-developmental disorders. His areas of specialty and interest include learning disabilities, executive dysfunction, complex trauma, and racial disproportionality and disparity in mental health care.
Beginning of Interview…
So hello everybody. I'm here with my esteemed colleague, Dr. William Harrison. So William, how are you doing today?
Good. Pretty good. Thanks for having me.
Good, good, good. So we want to spend time with you talking about the impact of trauma on the brain, how that affects youthdevelopment, families, community, and the impact and influence of what school counselors should know as they're developingtheir practice. So the students at this point have had a chance to review your PowerPoint. And we'll have some questions lateron we'll take care of in class. But I just want to kind of start with you and ask, why did you think it was important to specializein this topic, in this subject matter?
Well, I think ever since graduate school, I've been fascinated by trauma. I think that it's been one of those topics that's beengetting a lot of attention over the past, actually, just 20 years. And it's one of those things too, particularly in a schoolenvironment, if you're not paying attention to it, if you're not actively looking for it, you'll miss it.
You'll miss it and call it something else. So the fact [INAUDIBLE] is one of those things that's not easily seen but has a hugeimpact, not just on academics, but in terms of behaviors and in terms of just a child's well-being. And that's why it's one ofthose topics that I really love to focus on.
All right. So tell me a little bit more about your background. Where did you study? What are your areas of focus? Where haveyou worked? And what's your familiarity with this topic?
OK, so I graduated school at Fairleigh Dickinson University in New Jersey. And during graduate school training, I spent a lot oftime in clinics in Newark, New Jersey. And particularly in my internship year, I worked at a clinic that was in Newark, NewJersey. And that's where I got a lot of my initial training on trauma, how it impacts a child's development, how we have toadjust treatment to really treat traumas. That was my first introduction to trauma work.
After that, I've worked in hospital settings. I've worked in residential treatment settings. And I currently work in a schoolsetting. And all of those settings are really hotbeds for trauma.
So when you're saying trauma, what does that mean to you?
So trauma, to me, can mean a couple of things. It can mean exposure to one extreme stressor that's caused child distress. Or itcan mean being exposed to multiple stressors over a prolonged period of time, something we call complex trauma. That'ssomething that I actually worked with a lot in foster care, which I did prior to working inside of a school. So when I talk abouttrauma, I'm really talking about exposure to extreme stressors.
So examples of extreme, we know we have wars, crises like 9/11. We have things where there's mudslides. What other type oftraumas would be extreme but not on a global scale where it has multiple things-- what would extreme trauma for an average12-year-old?
Great question. It could be exposure to community violence on a daily basis, where it's something that may not jump out atyou because you're living it every day. But it's something that impacts you. Being either a victim of or witnessing domesticviolence. Also things that, unfortunately, children are seeing a lot more of now or unfortunately being a part of, schoolshootings.
So traumas are coming in lots of forms, not just sort of natural disasters or terrorist attacks on a grand scale. But these areevents that are happening in children's day-to-day lives now.
And so is there one trauma that's more impactful than another? Or is it all based around how the person receives it orperceives that stressor?
Yeah, it's really dependent on the individual. What's traumatic to you might not be traumatic to me. I've worked with childrenwho have had similar experiences in their lives. But either one was traumatized by one aspect of their experience and anotherchild was traumatized by another aspect, or they just have different struggles altogether even though they had similarexperiences.
So it's really based on the individual. It's based on their biology. And it's based on their past history.
So even within families, two siblings can experience the same thing differently?
Absolutely. They may look at two experiences very differently. I've worked with families who have suffered through violentcaretakers. And one child may view it as a threatening situation. And another child may view it as, hey, this is what it is. Wejust have to deal with this.
So you talked about the impact on the brain. What does that actually mean? Because I think, a lot of times, people overuse theword "trauma." And I think sometimes we don't-- so I think it goes two ways. Sometimes there is an overuse. And then there'sa lack of acknowledgment of the potential damage that's being incurred on a biological level, not just on the psychologicallevel. How do you see trauma impacting the brain and functioning? How does that play out in the everyday setting?
That's a great question. Because I do think--
I do a lot of great questions, William. You keep saying that every time I give you one.
I know. You're talented that way. But I do think you're right. We [INAUDIBLE] selves with questions coming from both ends ofthe spectrum, whether everything is trauma versus people not acknowledging significant events that are traumatic. When I talkabout trauma in the brain, I'm talking about events that have an impact on brain development and brain functioning.
So in the case of complex trauma where individuals are exposed to traumatic situations on a day-to-day basis over aprolonged period of time, usually beginning early in life, those are experiences that actually change the brain and alter the wayit works. There are also times when we talk about trauma in the brain where a recent event can just temporarily disrupt brainfunctioning.
I mean, for instance, if you think about children in foster care, particularly kids who enter care early, more than likely, theseare children who experience trauma very early on in life, whether it's in the womb during pregnancy, if say the mother isinvolved in a violent relationship or has been the victim of an abusive partner. These are kids that have experienced traumabefore they even come into the world.
And then early on, if we're talking about physical abuse, sexual abuse, or neglect, these are abusive situations that impactdevelopment later on, in particular the way the brain wires itself with respect to relationships, with respect to learning andlanguage functioning, with respect to executive functioning and the ability to plan, problem solve, organize your environment.
So events that happen early on in a child's life can impact the actual development of the brain and sort of knock it off itstrajectory. But if we talk about traumas that have happened more recently, not necessarily in the child's past, when we see isan alteration of functioning right now as well where kids who are traumatized will often have problems concentrating. They'lloften have problems sitting still and regulating their behavior.
These are kids that will often have problems with learning simply because they can't focus and they can't use those skills thatthey've learned in the past. But they are so sort of shaken by the trauma that it's hard to put all those skills together again tosort of learn what they need to learn in the classroom.
And recognizing each one of those examples are equally debilitating, whether it's prenatal and you've never seen the propertrajectory of the child or one that has the trajectory that has been altered by the trauma. Do you find that families find itdifficult to-- or caretakers and professionals in the field find one more or less more difficult to understand? Or is it equallyconfusing to folks who are not in tune with trauma?
I think that--
Is that a fair question?
I think so. It's a complicated question I think, because sort of trauma work is complicated. We're still learning a lot about theimpact of events in our lives. I think that when it comes to sort of acknowledging and dealing with trauma, sometimes it maybe as simple as the family's ability to deal with trauma versus the individual.
If you have a family that's able to sort of buffer a child and help them work through it, then a child can be fine. But if a family ishaving difficulty with a traumatic event where they're maybe ignoring it acting as if it didn't happen, then that can have realconsequences for a child. So I think when it comes to trauma-- go ahead.
No, and I've seen that, as you're describing that, when looking at sexually abuse. A lot of times, when you have a parent that was sexually abused, they then may not be as aware or clear or unable to recognize the abuse occurring in their children,particularly when they're at the same age when they were abused. So it's kind of like a blind spot that kind of comes up.
And you would say, well, why would you allow your child to experience the same thing you did? But because of the trauma theyhad, it gets retriggered when that child gets to that same age. And that clouds or mass or doesn't allow them a level of clarity.They need to see the signs that are coming back to them. And like you said, recovery is based around the acknowledgement ofthe trauma and then setting the system up in place where they can actually begin to heal.
Yeah, you're absolutely right. When caregivers have maybe had similar experiences, you do see one of two things. Eitherthere's a blind spot, and they simply don't see it. Or there's this lack of acknowledgment. And there are times when it's notbecause they're evil people. But sometimes it can cause paralysis in a parent. And they're retraumatized just by knowing thattheir child is being traumatized in the same way.
And so we often hear this term vicarious trauma. So briefly tell us how that works in your work as a professional care provider.How do you protect yourself from it? How does it play out? What does that mean to you?
OK, so vicarious trauma is becoming traumatized by someone else's situation. So when you're listening to people tell traumaticstories, you're working with people closely to help them get through traumas, sometimes you can be impacted by that trauma,meaning that you may start to experience some of the symptoms that you're trying to help them cope with.
And it's difficult doing trauma work, because you're hearing lots of experiences that are very extreme. You're listening tosurvivors who been to really troubling times and really tough times. And because we are human, it can take a real toll on us,even as the caregiver to people that have been through these things, it can impact us.
And it will not only impact us in our relationships outside of work. If we're not careful, it will start to impact our work withthese clients. So we have to be really mindful about how we're doing, particularly when we're doing trauma work. So 1, it'simportant to have a network of colleagues who you can turn to or you can bounce things off of, colleagues who are honestwith you too. If they're seeing things, they can communicate that to you.
You have to be mindful that you're not being defensive when people are telling you that they may be seeing things in you. Youhave to be willing to listen. And self-care-- that's a term that we hear a lot that we throw around a lot. But it is absolutelyimportant to take care of yourself to make sure that you're OK, to find people that you can lean on. You don't always have tobe the person that everyone else leans on. And that's a position we tend to get stuck in as a mental health worker.
And so when you say take care of yourself, what does that look like for you? What do you do to take care of yourself? You'vebeen doing this a long time. I'm sure you heard a lot of stories of resilience as well as of trauma. But how do you take care ofyourself?
Oh, great. Being intentional about vacations. While it's noble and it's really helpful to be available for people that you workwith, there are going to be times where you have to put other helpers in place while you go and take intentional time off. Findthings that you enjoy. And make sure you're in the moment. We talk a lot about mindfulness nowadays and being in themoment and experiencing things to the fullest.
Well, you have to make sure that you're present if you're on a vacation somewhere. If I'm in Hawaii and I'm still thinking aboutmy work, there's a problem there. So you have to be intentional about being on vacation, not just physically, butpsychologically being on vacation as well.
Exercise, proper diet, all those things that your parents taught you about when you were younger. That stuff is important. It'simportant to eat right. It's important to eat at predictable times so that you're in a routine, exercise to keep up your stamina.Exercise is great for brain function. So those are some of the everyday things that I think I try to be mindful of.
Do you do them? Or are you just mindful of it?
Some.
Some more than others. So lastly, or maybe second to lastly, what are some things that counseling candidates need to know asthey enter into this field from a professional standpoint and working in schools in particular? What are some things that kind ofstand out to you from your work inside and outside the system that you would definitely appreciate if someone walked into thedoor with this set of skill or this attitude?
I would say that, when it comes to trauma, that should be a topic that should be routinely talked about. Because again, ifyou're not intentionally looking for trauma, you're going to call it something else. You're going to call it ADHD. You're going tocall it a mood disorder. You're going to call it anxiety. When the real elephant in the room might be that this child hasexperienced a trauma in their life. So you have to be very sort of routine and habitual in talking about and discussing trauma.
Also be mindful of how you approach individuals who you suspect or you know have been traumatized. Because we have to becareful. As much as we like to be caring and loving, a touch means very different things to people who have been traumatized,right? The looks that we give, the volume that we use when we talk to young people, those things have different meanings topeople who've been traumatized.
Because triggers can be visual. They can be auditory. They can be tactile. So we don't know. We have to be careful when we areapproaching students who, like I said-- students who we suspect have been traumatized or we know have been traumatized.
And so I told you that was second to last. But lastly, how difficult is it, or how do you approach people who are dealing withtheir own trauma or have unresolved trauma they may not be aware about? And you see it come up from either students,interns, people that you're working with. How do you approach that?
And what are some of the challenges that they may face when you don't know that there was trauma that may have occurreduntil you are in a position where you're exposed to-- or you realize, OK, this was abuse and neglect? But then you see, OK, Ialso was abused and neglected but never thought about it until we get into a space where we see it in other people?
So when we get to the point where someone that I am supervising is maybe displaying or maybe has disclosed that they'vebeen traumatized in the past, my job is to, 1, see where they are in the healing process. Are they just discovering this andreliving some of that trauma? Because if they are, then they may not be suitable to work with people at this moment.
And my advice might be, you know what? You have to take care of self first. Because I can't jump in the ocean to savesomebody if I don't know how to swim or if I'm injured. I need to be my best self in order to help others. So that might be adiscussion that I have to have with them.
Or if they're in the healing process, my job is to just make sure that their trauma is separate from the youth that they'reworking with and the two aren't being confused. So I think those are the two things that I try to be mindful of if I'm workingwith someone who's being impacted by trauma while they're working with someone who's been traumatized.
Thanks for that. That's good advice. So any last words?
Oh, man.
Anything that we didn't get to that you know is critical to these discussions, that's particularly in these developmental stages ofcandidacy as counselors?
Yeah, I think we need to make sure that we don't underestimate the impact of trauma on everyday functioning. While learningis dependent on a lot of things, we need to be mindful of the fact that trauma can get in the way of these things. And it couldbe particularly hard to see. I know I've been saying this, that it can be hard to see if you're not looking for it.
But I do think that sometimes we underestimate how much trauma can impact an individual, whether it's in the classroom,whether it's their behavior between classes and before school or after school or in families. It has a sort of--
And communities. That's another piece of it, right? You could have communities, ethnic groups, regions of people who havebeen historically traumatized. And that may also factor into how they move, how they respond, how they react, protect, andadvocate for themselves.
Joy Degruy's book of Post-traumatic Slave Syndrome where she lays out a theory of people who have been traumatized early onand they're still feeling the effects of that. If you work with people of Jewish descent, their experience with the Holocaust andthe years after that. And also if you think about native people in the Relocation Act and the Trail of Tears, those are people thatare still suffering as well.
So you're right. We have communities and groups of people who are still suffering traumatic reactions over the years beingpassed on from generation to generation. And you do need to know that, particularly if you're working with particular groupswho have had those experiences in their pasts.
Yeah. And I think that's another key point as we get off that. A lot of things that, because we can be born into it or it happenedbefore we even have a chance to start off on solid ground, we have to be very particular and careful about what we exposepeople to and also identifying that there are some things that are outside of our control that we then, once we become awareof it, have to develop a plan to control it and to heal from it.
Absolutely. And I think the last thing I would add is, in terms of healing, paying attention to spiritual needs too. Those thingsthat empower you and make you feel connected to bigger things. So when we talk about healing and treatment, it needs to bewide reaching, and it needs to be holistic. It doesn't just mean sitting in a counselor's office. It means reaching out toimportant people in that young person's life and helping them to sort of heal on various levels.
Thank you. With that, my brother, that's the last word.
No doubt.
And thank you so much for your time and expertise. And see you soon.
All right, brother.
All right, peace.
End of Interview…….
Question #4
Identify five resources that students, families, and administrators in your community can use to assess and address issues/impact of trauma highlighted in the PowerPoint presentation and interview. Describe what their specialty is and how partnering with them can support the well-being of their target audience. (Look at Unit 12 Attachment)
Beginning of interview…..
In today's segment, we'll be covering counseling the special needs student. And we have with us today Marc Natividad, acounselor at Diamond Bar High School in the Walnut Valley Unified School District. Mark, thanks for being here today. Maybeyou can start by telling the candidates a little bit about your experience in public education, in special education, andcounseling.
Sure. So been counseling-- or I'm sorry, I've been in public education since 2001. I've worked with the Walnut Valley UnifiedSchool District the entire time. I was a teacher in special education since 2001.
And about 2012, 2013, I started as a counselor at Diamond Bar High School. And I've worked for about five years at the middleschool level and 11 years or so at the high school level.
Thank you. So in another segment counseling candidates will get a review of special ed eligibility and an overview of special edlaw. So maybe you can talk a little bit about the special ed team. Like who would be on a special ed team and what would theirindividual roles be?
So it starts with the educational specialists. And they're the case carrier. They're the person responsible for that student's IEP.Obviously, the student is first and foremost and definitely a part of that team. And you're working with them to make sure theyunderstand their role. The parent is a member of that IEP team.
We also have school counselors. You have your general education teachers along with any other special education teachers thatare teaching that kid, including all of the supporting services that that student is receiving. So if they're receiving any IEPmandated counseling, they're meeting with the school psychologist or speech therapy, then they're working with that personas well.
And that person would be on the team too.
Absolutely.
OK. So you talked about the team members that would be at the IEP meeting. How does each member contribute to the IEPprocess?
So again, starting with the educational specialist and really working to--
And that's the case counselor or the case carrier.
The case carrier. That individual's primary responsibility is truly understanding their student, understanding what that studentneeds. And they're working very closely with many people. They're working with their school psychologist and helping tounderstand any testing that the student has done and what that means.
But every member of that IEP team plays a very important role. So the educational specialist or case carrier is writing the IEPwith everyone's help-- school psychologist, counselor, and including the general education teachers, parent, and student.
The counselor is really supporting the student socially, emotionally, and even with academics and meeting with that individual.School psychologists provide many different supports, including counseling. A speech therapist is teaching them not only howto maybe vocalize or--
Articulate.
--articulate, but also in their interactions with other individuals around campus. So there is a very unique role. And the generaleducation teacher, their role is to-- they're a specialist in the area that they're teaching. They are providing the instructionthere. But they are supporting that student with any accommodations or modifications that that student may need.
Great. Thanks. You're in a special kind of situation, having gone from special ed teacher to counselor potentially working withspecial ed students. How is the role of a counselor different? How is that role different from special ed teacher or vice versa?
So the special education teacher primarily spends most of their time in the classroom. 80% of their day is in front of studentsteaching. And so they're delivering instruction on a bigger level. 20% of their day they can meet with students, talk withparents, interact with general education teachers and other support staff. But they are also responsible for making sure thatthe IEP is being implemented.
As a counselor, it's been a big change. 80% of my time now is giving direct services to students, counseling them socially,emotionally, academically, really whatever any student needs. I'm meeting one-on-one oftentimes with students, or in smallgroup settings, depending if we're doing group therapy or group counseling.
So the roles are different, especially when it comes to a student with an IEP because I really feel now, counseling, I'm able toprovide those students more one-on-one time.
Yeah. That's what I was going to ask you. So what are maybe some of the benefits of having been a special ed teacher first?Because that's kind of a rare combination.
Being a counselor, just stepping into it, I don't think you would truly understand everything that an educational specialist orspecial education teacher does. It is a very time consuming job in which there are so many little things that need to be done.Paperwork, unfortunately, takes up a lot of that, and writing and following up with IEPs.
So as much as those individuals are meeting with their 24 or 26 students that they have on their caseload, they're not able togive them that one-on-one time that we as counselors can give. So counseling has really allowed me to work with thoseindividuals and really get at what's maybe troubling them, where they're struggling with, and get at the heart of that to reallystart the counseling process.
That's interesting. Thank you. Can you give a couple of just brief examples of direct services that you might provide for specialed students?
Yeah. So there's a lot. A lot of the times, we're meeting with students and we're discussing-- you say disability, and I really liketo focus on the abilities of the student. Yes, there is something that is preventing them from being as successful, maybe, asthey could be.
Right. Exceptionalities.
Exactly. Exactly. And all of those things is helping them to understand what they can do with all their other strengths, with all their other abilities to really be successful in the academic setting.
So maybe like putting their exceptional characteristics into proportion.
And learning how to utilize them, using them as strengths too. We all, I think, have our own unique challenges. And we've alllearned how to utilize them to our advantages, if you will. And I think that's where the strength lies, is being aware of it, butalso knowing what you can do with it.
Interesting. How about indirect services? Can you give me a couple of examples of indirect services that you provide for specialed students?
Yeah. So indirectly, we're consulting with the entire team. We're working with everybody. It could be with a parent where we'retalking with them on how maybe they need to have-- or how they should approach a teacher with a particular problem. Itcould be in working with the teacher in how they're going to be working with the student.
Many times a student is successful because you are empowering the people around them who are supporting them andshowing them a proper avenue on how to do it.
That's good. That's good, I like that. What are some obstacles that special ed students might face? And how can counselorsbest help them avoid those risks?
Yeah. I think feelings are a huge piece of that. And when I say feelings, I'm talking about those students that are sitting in classand they're anxious and they're worried about a teacher calling on them. They're worried about not having the answer, theirnot knowing how to respond.
And so what do we see? We see students acting out. We see students doing things to be removed from that situation. And sowe're really working with students on developing skills to address those feelings. A lot of counseling is skill-based when you'relooking from an academic standpoint of teaching them what exactly they need to do when they're having these risky behaviors,if you will, in class, in addition to social risk as well.
Oftentimes, you'll see special education students are the ones that could be taken advantage of by their peers getting them todo something that they don't want to do so that their peers, unfortunately, are experiencing some type of enjoyment, if youwill, from watching someone suffer. And as bad as that sounds, you really need to teach those kids how to handle themselvesin those moments and really putting them there before they're there themselves.
Kind of walking them through--
Exactly.
--what would you do if?
Right.
OK. You said something a minute ago about the kind of coping skills that a special ed student might utilize, like acting out toavoid having to sit in the class or acting out to avoid having to answer a question. How can you collaborate with teachers tohelp them see those behaviors as what's truly happening, versus this is just a bad kid and get him or her out of my class?
Great question. And you're going to run into this a lot. You're going to receive referrals maybe from a student for acting out.And so really you want to get to those teachers who may be writing quite a bit of referrals about a particular behavior and workwith them on how to address those in their classroom.
You are providing direct services, if you will, to the teacher on how to address the needs of that student. In many differentways, I think it really depends on what the teacher is experiencing. But it's I think a mindset for the educator. It's not that thestudent is out to get them or they have a grudge against a teacher or whatever. It's these feelings that the individual is dealingwith.
These emotions. You know, I'm really glad that you mentioned referrals as a result of those behaviors or those copingmechanisms, because we know that in special education there is a disproportionate number of students of color, andparticularly boys.
So if teachers themselves don't know how to recognize those behaviors for what they truly are, we end up seeing those kidsbeing referred on a more frequent basis. So your ability to work with the teacher to recognize that is really important. I'm gladyou mentioned that.
Absolutely.
And that leads me to barriers that you might or you might have encountered in working with not just teachers, but parents ofspecial ed students. What are some difficulties that a counselor needs to know about, anticipate, and prepare for?
Well, you're oftentimes going to have parents who have had some difficult interactions in the past, or they have--
Themselves or with the school or with the previous school, or both?
Really all of it. All of it. They could have had it in previous years with their child. They could have had it themselves growingup. And what you're trying to do as a counselor is really establish open, honest communication with them to where they cantrust you.
I think the biggest piece in working with a parent who is difficult, if you will, to work with is them knowing that you are therefor their child, that you're looking out for the best interest of their child. And you do that through communication.
I've had a lot of success in simply calling a parent once a week or e-mailing them. And it's the positives as well. Hey, Johnny'sdoing this and he's doing awesome and he had such a great week. So that when next week, if there is something where thereis a little slip up, you're working with them.
And you're really, I think too you're an advocate for that student. And so you're trying to assist that student even when it'sgetting to a level of maybe administration and receiving consequences, even showing that parent that you're looking out forthat student and making sure that if he is receiving a consequence, it is a direct result of what happened, and yet it's not tooextreme, it's something that should be occurring, so they feel good about it.
But I think communication is key, and making sure teachers understand that as well. You have to have teachers communicatingwith that parent. You have a parent coming in and you know, wow, this is going to be tough. Those teachers need to be aheadof it and calling or emailing, setting up a meeting, just talking with the parent. And I think the parents--
Building that same rapport that you've been working on with the parent.
Absolutely. Trust.
And you segued perfectly into my next topic, which is, OK, so you have parents that might be challenging to work with withregards to special ed students. What about those teachers? What are some specific behaviors with the teachers that counselorsmight see?
You might see a teacher requesting to have a child removed from their class. They can get there really quick, especially-- and Ithink as a counselor, what you're wanting to do is understand where that teacher is coming from.
Obviously, it's probably something that's been building over time. It's something that's been getting underneath the teacher'sskin. And now they're wanting them out of my class for a couple of days or whatever it may be. And in some instances, thatmay be what's needed.
But I think the piece to drive home with teachers is, if we're doing that with the student, then we're doing it to provide you withtime to develop a plan so when that student returns, we're ready. We're ready to address those behaviors that you're seeingfrom that student.
But again, it's communication. And I think too, you need to be empathetic with teachers as well. You need to understand wherethey're coming from. And that comes from a lot of questions and just talking to them to see about what they've beenexperiencing.
You just mentioned developing a plan for a student return for a successful return. Do you ever develop a plan prior to theschool year starting?
Say for example you have a special ed student and you have that same student multiple years. Do you ever go to teachers atthe start of the year and say, hey, Tommy's coming into your class. Here are some things that work well with him. Here aresome triggers for behaviors. Does that ever happen?
It does, but you need to be careful with it. I wouldn't go to a teacher and be like, whoa, watch out. Like, you got so-and-socoming. I think really it is, it's going and saying, hey, I have some strategies that I want you to try with this student that havebeen very successful with teachers in the past.
And then, maybe you want to talk to so-and-so. They were able to implement this and they saw a lot of success with thatstudent. But I'd be very careful of going in and getting a teacher worked up when they may not even need to. It's a new year.The student has had a little bit more time to mature. And it could be--
That's a good point.
--an entirely new student that you're receiving. So yes, we want to maybe front-load them if we know strategies work andwe're giving that to the teacher. But we don't want to go and get the teacher worked up over nothing.
Yeah. No, I was thinking all positive.
Yeah.
But yeah, that's a really good point. OK. To wrap up, Mark, what do you want our candidates to know about working withspecial ed students, their parents and teachers?
I would like them to know that they're entering into a field that really does require a special person, a person who needs to bevery empathetic and understanding of what students are going through, that they are going to run into some very difficultmoments, both in working with maybe special education students, parents, and teachers.
But ultimately, all of it is worth it. These kids, I've been able to see some drastic changes in individuals and really just sometrue success stories, where you can't help but grin as they're walking across the stage and graduating and know that it was alot of work that both you put into and the student put in and everybody else, the entire supporting team. And now thatstudent's off to some place that they were looking forward to.
So I would say you're going into a great field. It's sometimes a field where you feel alone on an island. But if you use all of yourresources, you can really help to make a student successful in whatever it is that they're seeing that they want to do.
Great. Thank you so much.
Thank you.
End of Interview….
Question#5
Discuss the goals and barriers to working with special education students, their parents, and their teachers.
How might you help students, parents, or teachers who do not accept support?