presentation
tiantian 123
45katzkahnorganandsystemsconcept1.ppt#45 Daniel Katz & Robert Kahn (1966)
Organizations and the System Concept
Shafritz, Jay M., Ott, J. Stevens, and Jang, Yong Suk (2005). Classics of Organization Theory, 6th Edition, Belmont, CA, Thomson Wadsworth Publishers, www.wadsworth.com .
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#45 Daniel Katz & Robert Kahn (1966)
Organizations and the System Concept
Social scientists want to understand human organizations
Common Characteristics of Open Systems
- Importation of Energy =
- Open Systems import some form of energy from the external environment
- No social structure is self sufficient or self-contained
#45 Daniel Katz & Robert Kahn (1966)
Organizations and the System Concept
Common Characteristics of Open Systems
2. The Through-Put =
- OS transforms the energy available to them
- Organization creates new product OR processes materials or trained people or provides a service
- Some work gets done in the system
#45 Daniel Katz & Robert Kahn (1966)
Organizations and the System Concept
Common Characteristics of Open Systems
3. The Output
- OS Export some product into the environment
- i.e. invention of an inquiring mind or bridge constructed by engineering firm
#45 Daniel Katz & Robert Kahn (1966)
Organizations and the System Concept
Common Characteristics of Open Systems
- Systems as Cycles of Events
- The pattern of activities of the energy exchange has a cyclic character
- A single cycle of events of a self-closing character gives a simple form of structure
- Cycles may be tangential to one another from there types of subsystems
- Best to follow energetic chain of event from input through transformation to closure
#45 Daniel Katz & Robert Kahn (1966)
Organizations and the System Concept
Common Characteristics of Open Systems
- Negative Entropy
- OS must move to arrest entropic process; must acquire negative entropy
- Social organizations will seek to improve their survival position and
- to acquire in their reserves a comfortable margin of operation
#45 Daniel Katz & Robert Kahn (1966)
Organizations and the System Concept
Common Characteristics of Open System
- Information input, negative feedback and coding process
- Simplest type of input = negative feedback
- Negative feedback enable system to correct its deviations from course
- Nature of functions determines its coding mechanisms
#45 Daniel Katz & Robert Kahn (1966)
Organizations and the System Concept
Common Characteristics of Open System
- The steady state and dynamic homeostasis
- Importation of energy to arrest entropy operates to maintain consistency in energy exchange so OS can survive in a steady state
- A steady state is NOT motionless
- Continuous inflow of energy where the relationships between energy and parts remains the same
#45 Daniel Katz & Robert Kahn (1966)
Organizations and the System Concept
Common Characteristics of Open System
- The steady state and dynamic homeostasis
- The homeostatic principle applies by counteracting entropy to move toward growth and expansion
- Dynamic homeostasis = establish stable environment by reducing variability and disturbing effects of external environment
#45 Daniel Katz & Robert Kahn (1966)
Organizations and the System Concept
Common Characteristics of Open System
- Differentiation
- OS moves in the direction of differentiation and elaboration
- Progressive mechanization (von Bertalanffy)
- Primary regulations which have superimposed secondary regulations in the form of feedback
- i.e. US medical specialists outnumber general practitioners
#45 Daniel Katz & Robert Kahn (1966)
Organizations and the System Concept
Common Characteristics of Open System
- Equifinality
- von Bertalanff = systems can reach the same final state from differing initial conditions and by a variety of paths
#45 Daniel Katz & Robert Kahn (1966)
Organizations and the System Concept
Some consequences viewing organizations as Open Systems
- Major misconception = failure to recognize fully organization is
- continually dependent upon inputs from the environment and
- the inflow, of materials and human energy, is not constant
- Failure to recognize equifinality = More than One way to produce a given outcome
#45 Daniel Katz & Robert Kahn (1966)
Organizations and the System Concept
Some consequences viewing organizations as Open Systems
- 2nd error = irregularities in the functioning system due to environmental influences are error variances and should be treated accordingly
- Environmental influences are integrally regulated to the functioning of social system
#45 Daniel Katz & Robert Kahn (1966)
Organizations and the System Concept
Summary -- Open System
- OS differs from common-sense approach
- CSA tends to accept popular names and stereotypes as basic organizational properties
- CSA identify purpose in terms of goals of its founders and leaders
#45 Daniel Katz & Robert Kahn (1966)
Organizations and the System Concept
Summary -- Open System
- OS begins by
- Identifying and mapping the repeated cycles f input, transformation, input and renewed input which comprises the organizational pattern
- This approach represents the adaptation of work
#45 Daniel Katz & Robert Kahn (1966)
Organizations and the System Concept
Summary -- Open System
- OS has its own properties
- Importation of energy from the environment
- Through-put or transformation of the imported energy
- Exporting product into environment
- Reenergizing system from sources in environment
#45 Daniel Katz & Robert Kahn (1966)
Organizations and the System Concept
Summary -- Open System
- OS has its own properties
- Negative entropy
- Feedback
- Homeostasis
- Differentiation
- equifinality
#45 Daniel Katz & Robert Kahn (1966)
Organizations and the System Concept
Summary -- Open System
Organizations have differing environments and
organizations depend on these environments
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