2 page essay book review
Mary1234
4.GlobalizationandUrbanRestructuring-Winter2020.ppt
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Key Points:
Outcast Ghetto
Enduring Legacies of Segregation
Globalization
The Fragmented City
Spatial Inequalities
Outcast Ghetto
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Outcast Ghetto
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2. Racist Cities: Post 1965
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2. Legacies of Segregation
Legacies of Segregation
- Are Institutional Changes Enough to Achieve Racial Equality?
- Changes in Laws and Policies
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- Persistent Inequalities in the Housing Market:
- Studies and Findings: Auditor Studies
- Blocking Housing Access to African Americans
- Steering African Americans away from White Neighborhoods:
- Persistent Inequalities in Lending Markets:
- Effects of Discrimination in Housing and Lending Markets
Douglas Massey (2007) Categorical Inequalities. New York: Russell Sage Foundation
Legacies of Segregation
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Legacies of Segregation
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How does globalization change cities?
- The Return of the City?
- Wasn’t the city doomed to a space of misery, violence, and brutishness by 1997?
- The Puzzle: New Patterns of Economic Concentration and Population Growth
Escape from New York
Globalization and Cities
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- How to explain for this puzzle?
- Concentrating Management:
- Concentrating High End Services:
- Concentrating Cultural Economy
Globalization and Cities
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- An Archipelago of Prosperous Cities?
- Networked: Global Space of Flows
- Rich Regions (connected), Poor Regions (disconnected)
Globalization and Cities
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Map of top 100 global multinational corporate headquarters and their subsidiary networks, from Netscape: Cities and Global Corporate Networks
Globalization and Cities
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Use of Airline Data in Assessing the World City Network: Most important cities and links in the world city network., Urban Studies, 42 (13), (2005), 2371-2388
Globalization and Cities
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- An Archipelago of Prosperous Cities?
- The Fading Charm of Cities: Towards Global Landscapes of Urban Sameness…
Globalization and Cities
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Occupational Structure Before Globalization
Earnings and Job Growth in the Middle
Occupational Structure
After Globalization
TOP: Growth in Earnings and Jobs
MIDDLE: Decline in Earnings and Jobs
BOTTOM: Growth Jobs, Decline Earnings
Urban Inequalities: Downward Pressure on Wages
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Urban Inequalities: Downward Pressure on Wages
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Urban Inequalities: Downward Pressure on Wages
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Urban Inequalities: Downward Pressure on Wages
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Urban Inequalities: Downward Pressure on Wages
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Urban Inequalities: Downward Pressure on Wages
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Urban Inequalities: Downward Pressure on Wages
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Urban Inequalities: Downward Pressure on Wages
Urban Inequalities: Downward Pressure on Wages
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Urban Inequalities: Downward Pressure on Wages
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4. The Fragmented (Post-Modern) City
Los Angeles as a Paradigmatic Case
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- Discovery: City without a Center
- Weaving Theoretical Traditions:
- Los Angeles as Paradigm of Fragmentation
Edward Soja
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Re-Organization of Companies: From Vertically Integrated to Networked Companies
Vertically Integrated Company
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Networked Companies
Re-Organization of Companies: From Vertically Integrated to Networked Companies
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Organization of Companies: From Vertically Integrated to Networked Companies
Integrated Firm
Networked Firm
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City of Concentric Circles, Burgess (Chicago)
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Software Agglomeration
High Tech – Military Agglomeration
Film Agglomeration
Logistics Agglomeration
Financial Agglomeration
https://www.centreforcities.org/reader/building-northern-powerhouse-lessons-rhine-ruhr-randstad/introduction/1-benefits-agglomeration/
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https://www.ppic.org/publication/poverty-in-california/
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Asia has surpassed Latin America as the leading source of recent immigrants to California
California has had high shares of foreign-born residents for decades
https://www.ppic.org/publication/immigrants-in-california/
Immigration
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Race and Ethnicity of Los Angeles City, 2019 (No Majority)
| Racial and Ethnic Group | Percentage |
| African American | 8.9% |
| American Indian | .7% |
| Asian | 11.6% |
| Latino | 48.6% |
| White, (not Latino) | 28.5% |
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Federal Funds to Cities Cut … Except for State Prisons
(Eisinger 1997)
| Programs | 1981 | 1993 | Percentage Cut |
| Community Development Block Grant | $6.3 billion | $4 billion | -36.5% |
| Urban Development Action Grant | .6 | 0 | -100% |
| General Revenue Sharing | 8 | 0 | -100% |
| Mass Transit (rail, buses) | 6.9 | 3.5 | -49.3% |
| Assisted Housing | 26.8 | 8.9 | -66.8% |
| Clean Water Construction | 6.0 | 2.6 | -56.7% |
| State Prison Expenditure | 6.8 | 22 | +228% |
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Governing the Poor: Carceral Strategy
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“The old liberal paradigm of social control, attempting to balance repression with reform, has long been superseded by rhetoric of social warfare that calculates the interests of the urban poor and the middle classes as a zero-sum game. In cities like Los Angeles, on the bad edge of postmodernity, one observes an unprecedented tendency to merge urban design, architecture and the police apparatus into a single, comprehensive security effort “(Mike Davis 1990: 224)
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4. Spatial Inequalities
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Business Districts and Office Parks
http://www.newgeography.com/content/004234-new-central-business-district-employment-and-transit-commuting-data
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Gentrification
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Wealthy and Middle Class Suburbs
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Minority, Working Class Neighborhoods
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Spaces of Advanced Marginalization
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Suburbanization
of Poverty
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| Attributes | Gentrified City |
| Social Class | Wealthy, Upper Middle Class |
| Economic Resources | Jobs, amenities |
| Government Support | Strong local government |
| Nonprofit Institutions | Strong organizations |
| Social capital (networks) | Strong and productive |
| Political Culture | Democrat |
| Wealth and Middle Class Suburbs |
| Wealthy, Upper Middle Class |
| Jobs, amenities |
| Strong local government |
| Strong organizations |
| Strong and productive |
| Republican – Democrat |
| Working Class / Minority City |
| Working, lower middle class |
| Some jobs, low amenities |
| Weak government support |
| Medium organizations |
| Strong but insular: survival, not opportunities |
| Democrat, low voter turnout |
| Advanced Marginal City |
| High percentage of jobless poor |
| No jobs, no amenities |
| Weak support; Punitive |
| Fractured organization, declining |
| Fractured, low trust |
| Democrat, low voter turnout |
| Working Class Suburbs |
| Working poor/ lower middle class |
| Some jobs, low amenities |
| Weak government support |
| Medium organizations |
| Strong but insular: survival, not opportunities |
| Democrat, low voter turnout |
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Discuss:
What are two advantages of your neighborhood for your upward mobility?
What are two disadvantages of your neighborhood?
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Key Points:
Outcast Ghetto
Enduring Legacies of Segregation
Globalization
The Fragmented City
Spatial Inequalities
6. Case Study of the Gated Communities for the Upper Middle Class
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Central Question: Why do some middle class people like to live inside walls?
Basic Definitions and Trends
All fortified enclaves share some basic characteristics. They are private property for collective use, and they emphasize the value of what is private and restricted at the same time that they devalue what is public and open in the city. They are physically demarcated and isolated by wall, fences, empty spaces, and design devices. They are turned inward, away from the street, whose public life they explicitly reject…they belong not to their immediate surrounding but to largely invisible networks…Finally, the enclaves tend to be socially homogeneous environments…Fortified enclaves confer status. (Thereisa Caldeira, Walled Cities, 2000, 258)
Governed by Common Interest Development (CIDs)
Physical Form:
Trends
Basics
Demographics
Geography and Historical Trends
Escape the City: Gaiting Off the Urban Other
Historical Precedent: Post War Period
Intensifying Urban Fragmentation
- Restructuring Urban Economy: Polarized Cities
- Demand: Restructuring Ideas and Social Ties
- Ideology: Blame Poor / Escape Responsibility
- Weakening Social Ties:
Decline in Obligation and Trust
Long for Community / Distrust Others
- The Culture of Fear
- Supply: Policing Social Boundaries with Architecture
- Making Safe Environments
- Crime Prevention through Environment Design
Escape the City: Gaiting Off the Urban Other
- Reinforcing Individual Fears of Others
Felicia: When I leave the area entirely and go downtown (little laugh), I feel quite threatened, just being out in normal urban areas, unrestricted urban areas … Please let me explain. The north central part of this city, by and large, is middle class to upper middle class. Period. There are very few pockets of poverty. Very few. And therefore if you go to any store, you will look around and most of the clientele will be middle class as you are yourself. So you are somewhat insulated. But if you go downtown, which is more mixed, where everybody goes, I feel much more threatened…
My daughter feels very threatened when she sees poor people….We were driving next to a truck with some day laborers, and we were parked next to them at the light. She wanted to move because she was afraid people were going to come and get her. They looked scary to her (in, Setha Low 2001: 54).
- Privatizing Public Resources: “Privatopia”
- Distrust for Others + Privatization of Public Resources > Urban Balkanization
Escape the City: Gaiting Off the Urban Other
