Economic project
70 The Economist April 23rd 2022Finance & economics
Supply chains
Stronger links
Over the quartercentury before the pandemic, global manufacturing was
transformed by the emergence of complex supply chains, through which fi�rms could effi�ciently produce all sorts of goods at low cost and enormous scale. The pandemic put these supply chains through the wring
er, causing wild swings in demand while forcing repeated lockdowns that frustrated both production and distribution. The re
sult has been a surge in shipping delays, shortages of critical components and soar ing prices.
Governments have become keener to boost domestic production, the better to reduce their vulnerability to disruptions in foreign supplies. But new work by the imf suggests that this would be misguided. Supply chains held up better during the pandemic than is often assumed, it argues, and greater selfsuffi�ciency is likely to leave countries more vulnerable to future shocks, not less.
The covid recession was unusual. Trade in goods fell sharply at its onset—by 12% in the second quarter of 2020, relative to late 2019—but then bounced back faster than has been common in recent downturns. To better understand these gyrations, the fund’s economists built a model that pre
dicts trade patterns based on levels of spending within economies. They found large diff�erences between the amount and type of trade predicted by the model and what actually happened during the pan demic—a sign of covidrelated weirdness.
The virus distorted trade in part through its eff�ects on domestic econo mies. Places that experienced higher case loads and more restrictive lockdowns im
ported more goods than expected, given the blow to overall gdp, for instance. That in part refl�ects a shift in demand away from services and towards goods such as home electronics and protective equip ment. Covid also interfered with the pro
duction of some goods at home, which then needed to be imported instead.
But lockdowns in some places also had spillover eff�ects elsewhere. During the fi�rst half of 2020, the researchers note, about 60% of the decline in a country’s imports could be explained by lockdowns in its trading partners. These ripple eff�ects hit goods that were reliant on long supply chains the hardest. But the drag was small
er when the places that were locked down had greater capacity to telework. And cru cially, the eff�ect of restrictions declined ov
er time, as working patterns and supply chains adapted. Exporters in places that ended strict lockdowns earlier saw big gains in market share, with bigger increas es occurring in the production of supply chainintensive goods.
A lack of data means that the fund’s analysis stops in mid2021, after which a series of unfortunate events, from strand
ed ships to war, led to port backlogs and rising costs. Nonetheless, the fund reck
ons the model might suggest how best to protect an economy against disruptions. The answer is not by reshoring production, but by diversifi�cation: sourcing inputs from a wider variety of countries, and us ing components that can easily be substi tuted for if supply problems arise.
In most countries, the vast majority of components used to make goods tend to be sourced domestically. About 69% of parts in Europe and more than 80% in the west
ern hemisphere are produced at home, for example. If a fi�rm were to choose to import a critical component instead, it would face a more diverse choice: the market share of the average exporting country in the aver
WASHINGTON, DC
New research spells out the benefits of diversification
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age industry is a little under a third. Re shoring would therefore tend to reduce the diversifi�cation of a supply chain rather than increase it, by making production even more dependent on a single country: the home economy. That could prove cost ly. The fund estimates that in the face of a big disruption (one that causes a 25% drop in labour supply in a single large producer of critical inputs), the average economy could be expected to suff�er a fall in gdp of about 1%. Greater diversifi�cation stands to reduce the damage by about half.
Encouraging diversifi�cation is a tricky matter. The fund suggests that lowering barriers to trade and investing in infra structure could help. Geopolitical ten sions, sadly, mean that openness to deeper integration is in short supply. But the gains to be made, at least, are now clearer. n�
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