Final research Proposal

( 1 ) ( (Bastien et al., 2013b) state that AEBS reduces the speed of the vehicles prior to crash occurring, so the kinetic energy of the vehicle is made minimum when the automatic lane shifts. )LITERATURE REVIEW DIAGRAM

( (Fitzharris and Fildes 2007) said that the AEBS has provided great benefits in reducing crashes that lead to fatalities and serious injuries or even death. ) ( (Chauvel et al., 2013) said that out of the 379 fatal crashes among the pedestrians in France between 2005 and 2009, 15.3%, that is 58, were estimated getting saved by the AEBS. )TOPIC: Investigation of Benefits of Automatic Emergency Braking System (AEBS) in Vehicles with the Purpose of Decreasing Accidental Death Rate in Metropolitan Cities

( (Page et al., 2005) said that the AEBS can decrease pedestrian fatalities by 10%- 12% where the driver applied a maximum force on the brakes at 7m/s 2 . Does A utomatic Emergency Braking System (AEBS) in vehicles decrease the rate of death in the metropolitan cities of USA? )

( (Bastien et al., 2013a) said that the advanced system of electronic driver assistance will aid with decreasing accidents by vehicles, with high effectiveness in safety provided by AEBS, which is literally associated with decreasing the rates of crashes and fatalities. ) ( (Rajender et al., 2021) states that the AEBS controller algorithm activates the AEB, during the driving, when the distance becomes less than 3.3 m thus engaging the safe mode to prevent fatalities or death cases.. )

Article: 1

1) Article Citation:

Chauvel, C., Page, Y., Fildes, B., & Lahausse, J. (2013). Automatic emergency braking for pedestrians effective target population and expected safety benefits. In 23rd international technical conference on the enhanced safety of vehicles (ESV 2013) (No. 13-0008).

2) Topical Focus:

This study purposed to examine particular situations of crash that were relevant in AEBS kind of system and to provide a proposal to evaluate the expected safety benefits of the vehicular systems.

3) Article Summary/Contribution to the Field:

In this study, the authors describe the Automatic Emergency Brake (AEB) for walkers that it is a technology that resultantly utilizes the slow-down power to a vehicle when the motion sensors confirms that an impact with a person on foot is impending, accordingly helping with keeping away from the impact out and out, or on the other hand in case it is not avoidable, diminishing the speed effect of the accident and thusly the risks of fatality and severe injuries to pedestrians. The driver may be first informed with regards to the risk by toning or sight admonition or by a brake-based haptic input. On the off chance that the driver doesn't respond or when the effect is determined not avoidable, a programmed slow-down gets applied. Warning advance can likewise be skipped and the framework brakes when the inescapable impact is distinguished. The specific arrangement of interest here elaborate programmed slowing down in crisis circumstance the moment the detectors senses the pedestrian. It involves a radar located at the front of

( 10 )

the vehicle with the front facing camera obliging to the focal back as a reflector. This radar and the camera gets to cooperate and impacts with slowing systems such as Electronic Stability Control (ESC) that helps the vehicle to cease quickly and even be able to avoid accidents inside and out, or even tame the injuries to people on foot. The radar and the camera will identify the objective person on foot and make decision on speed impact. Here the drivers can get advised with regards to the risks by solid/sight admonitions or by brake input. Where the driver doesn't act and in case the mishap becomes inescapable, the slow-down gets initiated consequently to assist with limiting the mishap effects. Slowing down procedures differ across frameworks as far as working paces range, changing the level of the slowing down power and when effect is viewed as unavoidable. The worth of deceleration is by and large restricted to 0.6 g. A nitty gritty investigation of walker crashes was completed with the assistance of European top to bottom accident information just as police gets to report. Findings showed that, passerby collisions occur all the more frequently in urban communities, during the day, though the pedestrians goes across the road. Anticipated adequacy of AEB pedestrian, suppose 100

% of the armada gets fitted with an ideal framework which does not fall flat, can be a decrease of 15.3% of lethal walker collisions and 38.2% truly harmed passerby collisions every year. Those can add up to the range of 1.3% to 3.8% of all deadly and genuine injury collisions separately that happen yearly in France.

Article: 2

1) Article Citation:

Fildes, B. N. (2012). Safety benefits of automatic emergency braking systems in france (No. 2012-01-0273). SAE Technical Paper.

2) Topical Focus:

This study’s purpose was to carry out an assessment on the benefits of AEBS pertaining to crash injuries for the France passenger-vehicle population.

3) Article Summary/Contribution to the Field:

In this study, the author evaluated the accident injury advantages of AEBS, for the traveler vehicle populace in France. He inspected the advantages as the extent or numbers of fatalities and genuine harmed collisions that are savable each year. The two accident types examined included passerby crashes and backside impacts. AEBS was relied upon to mediate 0.6sec before the accident and at distributed degrees of power as indicated by whether slowing down recently happened and the street condition/surface adherence. The examination included public accident information, BAAC, gathered by the French Ministry of transport, inside and out collision information made accessible from the European Accident Causation Survey (EEACS) data set by LAB, just as discoveries from the U.S. NHTSA PCDS and NASS/CDS top to bottom information bases. A stage savvy approach was utilized to work out the accident injury benefits of AEBS among the two types of accidents. Hazard of injuries bends were created utilizing the United States information databases for differing sway speeds. Advantages bad been obtained from a previous model that anticipated re-examined injury results. He revealed that when fitted to the entire traveler vehicle armada in France, the AEBS would save about 1.4% (63) of all street fatalities and 4.0% (1,569) of genuine wounds that happen every year on French streets. These advantages would be aggregate across resulting years. Regardless of certain impediments related with this investigation, the discoveries provided support for

the far reaching fitment of this innovation in the entire French traveler vehicle armada, and probably extra for the most part across Europe and different nations.

Article: 3

1) Article Citation:

Bastien, C., Blundell, M., Neal-Sturgess, C., Hoffmann, J., Diederich, A., Van Der Made, R., & Freisinger, M. (2013a). Safety Assessment of Autonomous Emergency Braking Systems on Unbelted Occupants Using a Fully Active Human Model. In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Conference (pp.

27-30).

2) Topical Focus:

The aim of this study was to assess the safety benefits of a basic Autonomous Emergency Braking System (AEBS) followed by the impact of a subsequent 25mph rigid wall that uses a 50th percentile active human model with behavior engaging a full muscle activity.

3) Article Summary/Contribution to the Field:

In this study, the authors zeroed in on the approval of the new Madymo 7.4.1 Active Human Model for the unbelted situation that got utilized all through their work.

Inhabitant kinematics because of different stances, condition of mindfulness were examined to decide the level of out-positioned and their individual neck, chest and head wounds. While, the tenant kinematics as an element of different stances and conditions of mindfulness were researched to decide the level of out-positioned and their separate neck, chest and head wounds. The principal effects regarding the seat with extremely low erosion showed that the pelvis of the driver would slide forward till his or her leg had reached the dashboard. While the pelvis is sliding as a result of the most minimal

obstruction given by the seat comparative with the immediate stacking of the arms. The middle (sunlight based plexus) nearly remained still because of the arm’s opposition that eventually moved further from the airbag. They noticed that, for an exceptionally low seat friction, the inhabitant kinematics was basically the same for an "extremely mindful" and "mindful" individual, particularly after 0.5s for the highest head point just as the sunlight based plexus, where the uprooting bends generally cross-over during the length of the occasion. Additionally, it was noticed that the head exhibited a flexion movement owing to the 1gram slow-down beat, which is more noteworthy for an engine reflex change of 120ms than 30ms, since the neck muscles are actuated later. At the point when a slower reflex happens, it takes 500ms to coordinate with the head movements of a tenant with a quicker reflex. The review presumes that the Madymo Active Human Model is fit to display dynamic security situations and that the created kinematics and wounds gave are conceivable. The review has set up that, inside the dynamic wellbeing situation researched, the tenant's kinematics rely upon the seat grating coefficient, kinematics of the arms and the degree of mindfulness. Generally, it was observed that for a reflex deferred reaction of under 120ms, neck, chest, and head wounds valued for holding the controlling wheel with 2 hands were equivalent for provided worth of seat contact. Then again, inhabitants with one hand on the directing wheel (that holds a cell phone for instance) had gone out of the airbag arrangement zone after 1.1s of outrageous slowing down paying little mind to their condition of mindfulness and seat rubbing value.

Article: 4

1) Article Citation:

Bastien, C., Neal-Sturgess, C., & Blundell, M. V. (2013b). Influence of vehicle secondary impact following an emergency braking on an unbelted occupant's neck, head and thorax injuries. International journal of crashworthiness, 18(3), 215-224.

2) Topical Focus:

The study’s purpose was to investigate the patterns in variations of the secondary vehicle crash impact by calculating the pulses during crash that are based on frontal accident incidents with vehicles, and making conclusions of the effects on the neck, head and thorax injuries of the human occupant after the secondary impacts.

3) Article Summary/Contribution to the Field:

In this study, the authors explored the vehicle to vehicle back sway 25mph effect situations, contrasted them with the inflexible hindrance loadcase and researched the progressions in fatalities designs for the head, chest, and neck when the optional effect includes a deformable construction. To look at the backside, the creator picked impacts between the diverse measured vehicles different accident situations. The factors got set as the speed of the target vehicle, the speed of the shot vehicle, the hole between the vehicles, deceleration of the objective vehicle, the covering of the two vehicles lastly front facing or back crash. Those brought an amount of twelve distinct situations. The Dodge Neon got picked as shot vehicle for all situations and set as primary examination object, permitting the likelihood to think about the collision value of Neon against a more modest estimated vehicle’s Fiesta as well as against a higher guard tallness Rav4, each of them with a tantamount mass. Aloof security has for a long time decreased the quantity of fatalities on the streets. In any case, its impact on inhabitants' security has now settled, implying that new wellbeing highlights, similar to dynamic security are expected to

diminish further the quantity of causalities. These dynamic wellbeing highlights change from AEB expecting to cease vehicles prior to occurrence of collision diminishing the vehicles active energy on sway. Analyzing from the past report, they showed that unbelted tenant’s kinematics are influenced by the pre-slowing down stage. It recommended that the inhabitant's hand be positioned on the controlling wheel, joined with a supporting conduct could make the tenant miss the conveying airbag on account of an auxiliary inflexible divider sway, ought to the pre-slowing down term being extreme (in abundance of 1.1s). Following the dynamic security system model proposed in these two loadcases have been characterized as a '25mph direct effect' and a '25mph under-ride sway' (both not surpassing 10'g') which have been assessed to be 2.7 occasions lower than their inflexible divider partner in greatness. The proposed quantitative inhabitant injury evaluation of these new burden cases is recommending that the unbending hindrance sway is by a long shot a more extreme optional effect than impacting a vehicle of a comparative mass, and affirms that the proposed dynamic wellbeing structure used to survey dynamic security restriction frameworks is pertinent and suggests a sufficient auxiliary effect situation.

Article: 5

1) Article Citation:

Sui, B., Lubbe, N., & Bärgman, J. (2021). Evaluating automated emergency braking performance in simulated car-to-two-wheeler crashes in China: a comparison between C- NCAP tests and in-depth crash data. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 159, 106229.

2) Topical Focus:

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent by which two different datasets of C-NCAP test scenario portray the real-world crash scenarios to create grounds for assessment of TW-AEB performance.

3) Article Summary/Contribution to the Field:

In this study, the authors depicted Automated Emergency Braking (AEB) as a compelling way of keeping crashes from occurring or moderate their seriousness. Since riders of bikes (TWs) are among the weakest street clients, New Car Assessment Programs, similar to the China New Car Assessment Program (C-NCAP), had as of late presented test situations for the appraisal of AEB for vehicles experiencing TWs (TW-AEB). They utilized virtual counterfactual reproductions to decide if the speculative TW-AEB's presentation, suppose employed to the two datasets of C-NCAP, was like its exhibition when utilized with a bunch of recreated vehicle to-TW crashes addressing true collisions. The dataset tests were the ebb and flow C-NCAP situation set and a suggested C-NCAP situation set; this present reality collision datasets involved 113 reproduced collisions from the Shanghai United Road Traffic Safety Scientific Research Center information base. These exhibitions got contrasted with deference with the rate of collision aversion and the qualities of the excess accidents. A considerably higher extent of accidents was kept away from in the current C-NCAP situation set than in the other two (with the sensor field of view (FoV) set to 70° and the enactment time to 1.1 s TTC). Truth be told, with these boundary settings, no accidents stayed in the current C-NCAP situations, while just 37% and 46% of the accidents in the proposed C-NCAP situation set and SHUFO crash set were kept away from, individually. Their discoveries showed that TW-AEB frameworks which are upgraded for the current C-NCAP test situations are probably

going to give benefits in true crashes. Nonetheless, including extra test situations which reflect true accident circumstances all the more precisely would almost certainly prompt a higher relationship between's C-NCAP scores and genuine TW-AEB execution.

Specifically, they suggested the presentation of longitudinal same-heading situations with the vehicle or TW turning and opposite situations with high TW voyaging speed, in future C-NCAP discharges. Incorporation of these situations in C-NCAP may compensate upgrades of future TW-AEBs toward frameworks that can save more lives.

Besides, their review demonstrated that there is probably going to be a generous number of accidents with an effect speed higher than 40 km/h actually staying even after the far and wide use of TW-AEB. In this manner, they presumed that detached security for TW riders on Chinese streets will be as yet required.

Article: 6

1) Article Citation:

Rajendar, S., Rathinasamy, D., Pavithra, R., Kaliappan, V. K., & Gnanamurthy, S. (2021). Prediction of stopping distance for autonomous emergency braking using stereo camera pedestrian detection. Materials Today: Proceedings.

2) Topical Focus:

The purpose of this study was to predict the stopping distance for AEBS by the use of pedestrian-detection stereo cameras.

3) Article Summary/Contribution to the Field:

In their study, the authors showed that independent vehicles draw in a ton of examination interest due to their capacity to decrease street fatalities and save individuals' lives, though common discovery and impact aversion are the significant pieces of independent vehicles. The current

person on foot discovery frameworks do not ensure significant exactness under technical situations, helpless conditions of light, and lower intricacy overhead. Also, the frameworks depend on monocular camera object identification. Henceforth, their review took a design to propose a sound system vision based person on foot recognition and crash evasion framework for AVs that utilizes 2 cameras positioned at a particular separated distance to check the climate.

When a passerby is recognized, the framework works out the distance. The AEBS regulator calculation will enact the AEB suppose the assessed distance is under 3.3 m, and this is thought of as safety. While, MATLAB got utilized for the execution, and the exploratory outcomes uncover that the suggested technique was promising as far as forecast exactness and limiting fatalities.

Article: 7

1) Article Citation:

Rosen, E. (2013). Autonomous emergency braking for vulnerable road users. In Proceedings of IRCOBI conference (pp. 618-627).

2) Topical Focus:

The purpose of this study was to determine the potential AEBS on life saving and mitigation of serious injuries and fatal cases in frontal car‐to‐pedestrian collisions.

3) Article Summary/Contribution to the Field:

Here, the author concentrated on how a straightforward, yet reasonable, model of an independent crisis brake (AEB) framework works. Utilizing Matlab, he employed a model to 543 vehicle‐to‐pedestrian and 607 vehicle‐to‐cyclist real‐world crashes accumulated from the profoundly definite German In‐Depth Accident Study Pre‐Crash Matrix (GIDAS PCM) and weighted for sampling. Each of the crashes had occurred to

the front of the vehicle. His point was on examining how AEB execution got impacted by fluctuating probably the most significant framework boundaries. The independent crisis brake (AEB) framework comprised of a forward‐looking detector placed at the rear‐sight reflect, an electronic control unit, and a slowing mechanism. The usefulness of these gadgets was portrayed by various framework boundaries. These were chosen as sensible boundary settings in current and future AEB frameworks. The AEB framework was portrayed by the boundaries. Qualities for a reference AEB framework are given, just as tried varieties thereof. The aftereffects of this review were given for six unmistakable AEB frameworks. The study affirmed the discoveries that AEB has an impressive potency in life-saving as well as in alleviating serious wounds in front facing vehicle- to‐pedestrian crashes. It was additionally discovered that usefulness in dimness and high paces is vital for arrive at full framework potential. Further, it enhanced past discoveries by showing a similarly high potential for car‐to‐bicyclist crashes, utilizing a similar AEB framework. In any case, the anticipated real‐life adequacy for the two people on foot and bicyclists were profoundly delicate to framework boundaries characterizing the brake limit just as usefulness in obscurity and fast. The negligible arrangement of this review, which consolidated this load of limitations, had an expected viability that was multiple times lower than the reference framework. This ought to be significant data to shopper rating associations and vehicle makers thinking about AEB for weak street clients. A reference framework was anticipated to give extremely high adequacy in saving lives and moderating serious wounds. In any case, the adequacy was considerably impeded by forcing limitations on usefulness in haziness and high paces. Further, adequacy was exceptionally touchy to brake timing enactment and deceleration given by the AEB’s

framework. Consolidating this load of limitations (dimness, fast, timing and deceleration) prompted a ten times reduction of viability contrasted with the reference framework.

Article: 8

1) Article Citation:

Ecola, L., Popper, S. W., Silberglitt, R., & Fraade-Blanar, L. (2018). The road to zero: a vision for achieving zero roadway deaths by 2050. Rand health quarterly, 8(2).

2) Topical Focus:

The purpose of this study was to describe how changes in policy, technology that feature AEBS, and social norms can significantly improve road safety to ensure zero roadway deaths by 2050.

3) Article Summary/Contribution to the Field:

In their study, the authors feature innovations, for example, airbags and electronic soundness control to be standard, however progressed driver help frameworks (ADAS, for example, programmed crisis slowing down (AEBS), vulnerable side checking, and path takeoff cautioning, are being presented on an ever increasing number of vehicles. In the close to term, they underline that innovations that are now underway or approaching presentation guarantee sensational security advantages. Around 10,000 lives are reflected to be savable suppose presently accessible ADAS, for example, programmed crisis slowing down, path takeoff notice, and vulnerable side discovery frameworks, were completely successful and on each vehicle. In the more drawn out term, when vehicles with significant degrees of mechanization are completely evolved, self-driving frameworks guarantee to immensely affect wellbeing. Mechanized vehicles are not liable to have arrived at their maximum capacity by 2050, yet they are probably going to give a

huge security advantage. Since vehicles today are enduring longer than at any other time—the normal age of a traveler vehicle is 11.5 years—full armada entrance will require many years. Besides, forestalling collisions is the most elevated need, further developing post-crash reaction likewise addresses a huge chance for saving lives. A fifth of injury passing could be forestalled with ideal injury care. Further developed injury care will be fundamental in tending to the two fatalities and serious wounds in engine vehicle crashes. Another factor includes the manners by which streets are planned and built to build street security. In more-provincial regions, these incorporate plans for side of the road that decrease the quantity of snags that vehicles would strike in the event that they run off the streets, asphalts that lessen slipping, and expanded utilization of guardrails, crash pads, and thunder strips. In many metropolitan regions, they incorporate plans for metropolitan convergences that lessen the speed of turning vehicles, wide utilization of traffic circles to cut down vehicle speeds in convergences, and more limited passerby cross distances, which make it more secure and simpler for individuals to go across occupied roads. Further security gains can be made with current wellbeing draws near, as probably the best strategies have been underutilized. Nonetheless, the 260 million enrolled autos, 215 million drivers, 4 million street miles, and consistently expanding yearly vehicle mileage, has made the U.S. streets be dominated with past and current countermeasures of double dangers except if they two-fold down on their endeavors.

Article: 9

1) Article Citation:

Hamid, U. Z. A., Zakuan, F. R. A., Zulkepli, K. A., Azmi, M. Z., Zamzuri, H., Rahman,

M. A. A., & Zakaria, M. A. (2017, December). Autonomous emergency braking system

with potential field risk assessment for frontal collision mitigation. In 2017 ieee conference on systems, process and control (icspc) (pp. 71-76). IEEE.

2) Topical Focus:

The purpose of this study was to continue the effort for developing the autonomous vehicle as well as find out best mechanisms to reduce the high number of Malaysia’s road accidents.

3) Article Summary/Contribution to the Field:

In this study, the authors designed a module for the movement of vehicle dynamic wellbeing examination and its execution have acquired a great deal of decrease the quantity of street fatalities worldwide. They communicated that this empowered the vehicle to help the driver in the dangerous situations. One of their models is AEBS, which yields the required slowing down forces intercession in the dangerous occasions to moderate crash chances. In any case, the measures indicated that a large number of street mishaps are still there, including the instances of proximal miss-occurrences. In their work, to assist in the decrease of the proximal mishaps as well as the AEB to safeguard the separation with the front that faces hindrance, AEB is fixed with the Potential Field (PF) hazard evaluation procedure. At the point when the PF limit of the front facing deterrent's danger is abused, AEB gives the dynamic slowing down mediation. The proposed configuration was tried and approved utilizing a test vehicle, where it mitigates the crash hazard with a static obstruction in a medium-speed situation. The work is essential for the nonstop work to foster the independent vehicle and decrease the big number of street mishaps in Malaysia. Results showed the combination of AEB and PF effectively help the vehicle to moderate the crash just as keeping the protected separation

with the front facing obstruction. Moreover, it showed that the Potential Field effectively give hazard estimation comparable to the general distance between have vehicle and obstruction data, given by the front facing sensor. As displayed, the danger field of the front facing snag begin to arise at the 14 s of passed test time. iDrive therefore yielded the ideal slowing down forces, beginning at the 13 s. This is to permit the host vehicle to completely stop at 18 s of passed trial time. The osmosis of PF permit the vehicle to begin decelerate once the impediment hazard is planned by the PF. This forestall unexpected high forces slowing down jolting. This consider the vehicle to completely quit slowing down at 18 s of the slipped by computational time. The combination of the PF and AEB effectively permitted the vehicle to alleviate the crashes just as keeping the protected separation of 2 m least to the front facing deterrent during the relief.

Accordingly, the proposed framework shows solid outcomes and effectively keep the protected separation between the host vehicle and the front facing hindrance.

Article: 10

1) Article Citation:

Lenard, J., Badea-Romero, A., & Danton, R. (2014). Typical pedestrian accident scenarios for the development of autonomous emergency braking test protocols. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 73, 73-80.

2) Topical Focus:

The purpose of this study was to contribute toward development of relevant test conditions through description of typical incidences of accidents by the pedestrians.

3) Article Summary/Contribution to the Field:

In this study, the authors showed that the expanding extent of new vehicles are getting fitted with independent-crisis slowing mechanisms. It is hard for shoppers to pass judgment on the adequacy of these security frameworks for individual models except if their exhibition is assessed through track testing under controlled conditions. They meant to add to the improvement of pertinent test conditions by portraying run of the mill conditions of walker mishaps. Here, group investigation was applied to two enormous British information bases and both featured a metropolitan situation in sunlight and fine climate where a little common strolls across the street, particularly from the close to kerb, in transparent perspective on the driver who is voyaging straightly forward. For every dataset, a principle test setup was characterized to address the states of the most well- known mishap situation alongside test varieties to mirror the qualities of more uncommon mishap situations. Two wellsprings of data about street mishaps in Great Britain got utilized in their work, the public mishap data set STATS19 and the inside and out On-the- Spot (OTS) study. The fundamental qualities of the two sources were summed up.

STATS19 was arranged by the Department for Transport every year from police reports. OTS was run for the Department for Transport and the Highways Agency by the two exploration foundations in between 2000 and 2010 to gather inside and out data about a delegate test of street mishaps dependent on around 500 at-scene examinations each year in two locales. Further, a portion of the varieties relating to more uncommon mishap conditions or to a minority of setbacks in these situations were proposed as discretionary or strengthening test components for an extraordinary exhibition rating. Numerous contemplations are joined into the last plan and execution of a real testing system, like expense and the condition of advancement of innovation; just the portrayal of mishap

information lay inside the extent of this paper. It is alluring to discover the more extensive representativeness of the outcomes by examining mishap information from different nations likewise.

References

1. Chauvel, C., Page, Y., Fildes, B., & Lahausse, J. (2013). Automatic emergency braking for pedestrians effective target population and expected safety benefits. In 23rd international technical conference on the enhanced safety of vehicles (ESV 2013) (No. 13-0008)

2. Fildes, B. N. (2012). Safety benefits of automatic emergency braking systems in france (No. 2012-01-0273). SAE Technical Paper.

3. Bastien, C., Blundell, M., Neal-Sturgess, C., Hoffmann, J., Diederich, A., Van Der Made, R., & Freisinger, M. (2013a). Safety Assessment of Autonomous Emergency Braking Systems on Unbelted Occupants Using a Fully Active Human Model. In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Conference (pp. 27-30).

4. Bastien, C., Neal-Sturgess, C., & Blundell, M. V. (2013b). Influence of vehicle secondary impact following an emergency braking on an unbelted occupant's neck, head and thorax injuries. International journal of crashworthiness, 18(3), 215-224.

5. Sui, B., Lubbe, N., & Bärgman, J. (2021). Evaluating automated emergency braking performance in simulated car-to-two-wheeler crashes in China: a comparison between C- NCAP tests and in-depth crash data. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 159, 106229.

6. Rajendar, S., Rathinasamy, D., Pavithra, R., Kaliappan, V. K., & Gnanamurthy, S. (2021). Prediction of stopping distance for autonomous emergency braking using stereo camera pedestrian detection. Materials Today: Proceedings.

7. Rosen, E. (2013). Autonomous emergency braking for vulnerable road users.

In Proceedings of IRCOBI conference (pp. 618-627).

8. Ecola, L., Popper, S. W., Silberglitt, R., & Fraade-Blanar, L. (2018). The road to zero: a vision for achieving zero roadway deaths by 2050. Rand health quarterly, 8(2).

9. Hamid, U. Z. A., Zakuan, F. R. A., Zulkepli, K. A., Azmi, M. Z., Zamzuri, H., Rahman,

M. A. A., & Zakaria, M. A. (2017, December). Autonomous emergency braking system with potential field risk assessment for frontal collision mitigation. In 2017 ieee conference on systems, process and control (icspc) (pp. 71-76). IEEE.

10. Lenard, J., Badea-Romero, A., & Danton, R. (2014). Typical pedestrian accident scenarios for the development of autonomous emergency braking test protocols. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 73, 73-80.

11. Page Y., Foret-Bruno J. & Cuny S. (2005). Are expected and observed effectiveness of emergency brake assist in preventing road injury accidents consistent? 19th ESV Conference, Washington DC., USA.

12. Fitzharris, M., & Fildes, B. (2007). Analysis of the potential crash reduction benefits of electronic brake assist, early warning systems, and the combined effects for pedestrians, Unpublished report, Monash University Accident Research Centre, for the Automotive Collaborative Research Consortium, Melbourne, Australia.