Project management

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INFS6071 Individual Assignment 1

基本要求：

1. Length: 1600 words for Part 1 and 400 words for Part 2.

2. Worth: 30% of overall grade

3. Due: 11:59pm 1 May 2022

4. Formatting: The report should be submitted on Turnitin by due date. Please include

your SID on the front page of the submission. You should name the submission file as

follows: SID.doc, e.g. 123456.doc. Please note that you SHOULD NOT provide name (first

name or family name) in the assignment document. This is required to ensure

anonymous marking.

注意事项：

Referencing:

l You must reference all your source matieral.

l You are required to use third party references to support your arguments for

questions.

l Consider all aspects of PMBOK and apply those that are relevant. You can use

PMBOK 5th or 6 edition.

l Use APA 6th Standard

http://libguides.library.usyd.edu.au/c.php?g=508212&p=3476096

l Approximatiely 12-15 references

Note: You can only submit the assignment once!

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Part 1: 考察要点 & 文章结构： 注意：主要考察 PMBOK 的使用和掌握。第一个问题主要写的是这个 area 帮助这个项目起到 好处，但是同是也要考虑到这个 area 没有做好的地方，因为第二个问题就是写在这个 area 出现的问题以及解决方法。

1. Where and how there is evidence of such a methodology being applied and its

contribution. Please provide your answer in the form of a table outlining the

relevant PMBOK knowledge areas, evidence of application and the contribution. (6

marks) 400 字左右

1.1 PMBOK area

- 这篇文章可以写的 areas: Stakeholder management, Procurement management,

Risk management, Communicaiton management, Cost management.

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1.2 Application (evidence & justification)

- 从文章中找到这些 PMBOK areas 被运用的相关的证据

- E.g. Procurement management (p.16-26, p. 33-39):

- 陈列 case 中运用了哪些 procurment management 的证据。

- 注意：要在每一个 evidence 后面标注页码。(example)

- E.g. Risk Management（p.27-32）

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- E.g. Stakeholder management (p.40-44)

- E.g. Cost management (p.47-48)

1.3 Contribution

- 运用了这个 area/process 带来的好处

- E.g. Benefits of plan procurement management: The key benefit of this

process is that it determines whether to acquire goods and services from

outside the project and, if so, what to acquire as well as how and when to

acquire it.

- E.g. Benefits of conduct procurements: The key benefit of this process is

that it selects a qualified seller and implements the legal agreement for

delivery.

- E.g. Benefits of identify risks: The key benefit of this process is the

documentation of existing individual project risks and the sources of overall

project risk. It also brings together information so the project team can

respond appropriately to identified risks.

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- E.g. Identification of stakeholder: investment in the right places/ better

understanding of their needs or expectation.

2. Where and how such a methodology might have helped avoid or mitigate identified

problems. Please provide your answer in the form of a table outlining the relevant

knowledge areas and PMBOK processes that could have been applied. Give concrete

examples what kind of tools and techniques could have been applied. (10 marks)

700 字左右

2.1 Area/process

- 和第一问找出的 areas 一样

- 最好能找到 area 中 process 出现的问题

2.2 Problems

- Case 里面出现的相关问题

- Example:

1) Plan procurement management (p.20): The ANAO found evidence that two

important requirements were overlooked in the requirements development

phase, relating to assumed identities (AI) and witness security (known as

WitSec).

2) Conduct procurement (p.29): The approach to negotiating and entering the

contract did not effectively support achievement of outcomes because the

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contract did not explain the milestones and performance requirements in a

manner that was readily understood and applied.

3) Implement Risk Responses (p.27): Risk management for BIS was ineffective:

while risk registers were developed, there was little evidence that they were

used or that risk was effectively reported against.

4) Management stakeholder engagement (p.40): However these were not fully

effective because they did not result in sufficient action being taken and the

external stakeholders felt that reporting dropped off over time.

- 阐述问题，表明页码

2.3 Tools/Techniques

- PMOBK 里找, 每一个 process 都有相应的 tools and techniques

2.3.1 Plan procurement management

(1) Expert Judgment

- Expert judgment is often used to assess the inputs to and outputs from this process.

Expert purchasing judgment can also be used to develop or modify the criteria that

will be used to evaluate seller proposals. Expert legal judgment may involve the

services of legal staff to assist with unique procurement issues, terms, and

conditions.

(2) Data Gathering

- A data-gathering technique that can be used for this process includes but is not

limited to market research. Market research includes examination of industry and

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specific seller capabilities. Procurement teams may leverage information gained at

conferences, online reviews, and a variety of sources to identify market capabilities

(3) Source Selection Analysis

- It is necessary to review the prioritization of the competing demands for the project

before deciding on the selection method. Commonly used selection methods

include the following：

> Least cost 成本最低

> Qualifications only 看重资质

> Quality-based/highest technical proposal score

> Quality and cost-based 以质量和成本为基础的方法允许成本作为卖方选择过程

中的一个因素。一般来说，当项目的风险和/或不确定性较大时，质量应该是相对

于成本的关键因素。

> Sole source：只有一个供应商。由于没有竞争，这种方法只有在合理的情况

下才可接受，并应视为例外。

> Fixed budget

(4) Meetings

- Research alone may not provide specific information to formulate a procurement

strategy without additional information interchange meetings with potential

bidders. By collaborating with potential bidders, the organization purchasing the

material or service may benefit while the supplier can influence a mutually

beneficial approach or product.

2.3.2 Implement Risk Responses:

(1) Expert Judgment

(2) Interpersonal And Team Skills

- Some risk response actions may be owned by people outside the immediate project

team or who have other competing demands. The project manager or person

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responsible for facilitating the risk process may need to exercise influencing to

encourage nominated risk owners to take necessary action where required.

2.3.3 Stakeholder engagement :

(1) Communication Methods

• Interactive communication. Between two or more parties performing a

multidirectional exchange of information. It is the most efficient way to ensure

a common understanding by all participants on specified topics, and includes

meetings, phone calls, instant messaging, video conferencing, etc.

• Push communication. Sent to specific recipients who need to receive the

information. This ensures that the information is distributed but does not

ensure that it actually reached or was understood by the intended audience.

Push communications include letters, memos, reports, emails, faxes, voice mails,

blogs, press releases, etc.

• Pull communication. Used for very large volumes of information, or for very

large audiences, and requires the recipients to access the communication

content at their own discretion. These methods include intranet sites, e-

learning, lessons learned databases, knowledge repositories, etc.

(2) Interpersonal Skills:

• Building trust

• Resolving conflict

• Active listening

• Overcoming resistance to change

(3) Management Skills

• Facilitate consensus toward project objectives

• Influence people to support the project

• Negotiate agreements to satisfy the project needs

• Modify organizational behavior to accept the project outcomes

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- 不仅要写 tools/techniques, 更要写为什么选择这种方法 （justify）

2.4 Benefits

- 使用这些 tools/techniques 带来的好处

§ Interactive communication : Itprovides the most efficient way to ensure a

common understanding by all participants.

§ Expert Judgment: The experience parties have better understanding of the

project and can provide professional suggestion.

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3. If there were problems that appear to be outside the scope of PMBOK, discuss these

problems. Conduct your own research to provide ideas how these problems could

have been mitigated. (8 marks) 500 字左右

- 找到 project 中无法用 PMBOK 解决的 areas, 并给出相应的解决办法。

§ Information/duocument manamgent: 相关的资料是否有及时更新，是否有

出现资料信息缺失的情况，从而导致项目受阻。

§ Change manamgement: 与 risk 不同的是，change management 更注重的是

随机应变的管理能力，而不是提前预判的风险管理。

§ Ethical manamgement: 是否考虑到 ethical issues，被项目影响的人有没有

合理的补偿。

§ Security management: 是否考虑到安全问题，指纹识别系统和面部识别功

涉及国家安全。

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Part 2: Critical Path Analysis

1. Draw a network diagram using the activity on node (AON) notation

representing the project. Use e.g. PowerPoint to draw the diagram. What is

the critical path and how long is it?

注意：

a) 需要罗列 critical path 是哪一条，算出总天数，还有每一项 node 的天数

b) Prepare network diagram for the project including identification and

measurement of critical path – including evidence of having performed a

forward and backward pass (i.e. include your workings, for example, in

the form of a table).

c) Make sure you identify the critical path and its duration in your answer.

1. 1 Project Scheduling Terms

1) Node: One of the defining points of a network; a junction point joined to some or all

of the other dependency lines (paths). (Activity )

2) Predecessors 前者: Those activities that must be completed prior to initiation of a

later activity in the network.

3) Successors:后者 Activities that cannot be started until previous activities

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have been completed. These activities follow predecessor tasks.

4) Early start (ES) date: The earliest possible date the uncompleted portions of an

activity can start. 一个活动可以开始的最早日期。

5) Late start (LS) date: The latest possible date that an activity may begin

without delaying a specified milestone. 一个活动可以开始的最晚日期。

6) Forward pass: Network calculations to determine earliest start/earliest finish for an

activity through working forward through each activity in network.从前往后推

7) Backward pass: Network calculations to determine late start/late finish for

uncompleted tasks through working backward through each activity in network.

8) Float (or Slack): The amount of time an activity may be delayed from its early start

without delaying the finish of the project. （可浮动时间，一个项目开始时推迟了一两天，

但不会推迟它结束的时间。一个活动的浮动天数，有些有有些没有

9) Critical path: The path through project network with the longest duration. 关键路

径是决定着可能的项目最短工期。是上下天数相同的。

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2. Assume you are the Project Manager for Delight Ltd.’s project. Critically

evaluate the difficulties you may face in using the critical path method to

manage the project. Please use appropriate references to support your

explanation.

- Advantages:

1) It helps the project manager in identifying the most critical elements

of the project.

2) CPM provides demonstration of dependencies which helps in the

scheduling of individual activities

3) An explicit and clear approach of communicating project plans,

schedules, time and cost performance is developed.

4) It helps in determining the slack time.

5) It helps in optimization by determining the project duration

- Disadvantages:

1) Critical path approach is effective to react to sudden changes of the

plan and if one activity changes in the midway.

2) For bigger projects, CPM networks can be complicated too.

3) It also does not handle the scheduling of the resource allocation.

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