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3596-spongecities.docxCan The Construction Of Sponge Cities Be The Framework For The Development Of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems? Case Study: Case Study: One Or Two Sponge Cities In China
Abstract
Introduction- 1000
Over the millennia’s, there has been constant evolution of the human society. A general belief is that human beings have been getting more and more advanced ad life is being facilitated in more advanced manner with invention in history. But a close look at the historic patterns show that this is not the case. Although there is no denying that human beings have discovered an unlimited number of new technologies in every aspect of life in past 70 Milena since the cognitive revolution yet the human life has become more difficult rather than easy. There was no permanent settlement let alone any advanced technology available for the forgers an their communities but they had an easy solution for escaping the floods, draughts, heatwaves or other natural disasters, they would simply move from a threatened place to a safer place. But this is not an option anymore, as now humans live in concrete jungles where they have permanent settlements and they cannot simply move from one place to another. Humans does have advanced technology through which they can predict in advance when heavy rainfalls are expected or when there is possibility for floods or heatwaves but they can take very minimal actions to lessen the impact. For instance the city of Wuhan has approximately 11 million population and now with all the advanced technology if it is predicted that the city will reactive heavy rainfall and there is possibility of floods, there is no way that the advanced technology can be used to limit the rainfall or divert the floods, the only option is that residents of the most throated areas are shifted to a safer space but all the 11 million cannot be shifted form one place to another and even if a limited number is shifted to safer space, their belongings worth of billions of dollars will stay behind. In other words, even if the human losses are limited, the material losses are still significant. In brief, with the passage of time human race is becoming more vulnerable in front of natural disasters despite the technological advancement and new levels of learning and knowledge.
Along with technological innovation, increasing urbanization, growing pollution and over exploitation of resources during last few decades has worsened the situation to an unmanageable situation. China has been the center of light speed urbanization as the country moved form a largely undeveloped country in 1970s to most advanced and highly developed country in 2020. In the span of five decades, the country has unlocked a new level of development. There has been many factors which has assisted the process to the current level. Among the top factors are high speed urbanization, increasing air, land and water pollution and over exploitation of resources. This has resulted in water crisis and resource deficiency for the sustainable living standards. Another factor which has fueled the process is global warming. Global warming is the average increase in temperature which results in changed weather patterns, heatwaves, too much or too little rains, floods, wild fires etc. Global warming is fueled by the increase in carbon emission which originates form urbanization, industrialization, over-exploitation of resources and pollution. In other words, all these factors are interconnect but they all lead to water crisis. Water crisis in china can be explained as too little clean water to fulfil the needs of the citizens but too much rainwater that it floods the cities and results in human and economic losses. Just in two months of 2020 (June and July), there has been a record of 443 flooded rivers. Among this huge number, 33 floods were beyond any historic records impacting approximately 54.8 million people. The human and economic losses of these water related issues are huge and they are impacting the social, environmental and infrastructural step-up of china in very negative manner. An estimated number shows that the economic losses of the water-related issues in china in one decade form 2007 till 2016 are almost 36$ billion dollars. China is devising many different options to deal with these issues and one such option is creation of sponge cities.
The concept of Sponge city was conceived by Professor Kong Jian Yu in 2013as a solution for the urban water management. Sponge cities are a solution in the form of ‘integrated urban water management (IUWM). The basic objective behind the concept is to control and mitigate the urban flooding, water scarcity and water pollution in urban cities of the country. Sponge city idea is presented as Chinese eco-city to save the most critical resource of water in big cities because china is facing the issue of water scarcity in its big cities despite the strategies and planning by government. Sponge city concept is in a nutshell a holistic strategy which is aimed to be enhance the urbanization and development processes by keeping it controlled under a holistic approach.
The concept of sponge cities is readily gaining acceptance as chinses government has planned to create 30 sponge cities across the country under “sponge city initiative”. The government has allocated an approximate $12 Billion for this project. But this concept is in its initiating stage and there has been no implementation of this project priori to it as the concept has been coined in 2013 so there is an actual way to know the long term impact of the concept. The overall imitative is still in its early stages so it is very difficult to declare it success or failure but a detailed assessment could tell about the scope of success or failure. This paper will explore in detail the concept of sponge cities as a solution for urban drainage and urban flooding issues.
Problem statement
1. Can the construction of Sponge cities bee the framework for the development of sustainable urban drainage systems?
Literature Review -3500
The number of natural disaster has been increasing since the past few decades. The technology was supposed to help the humanity in becoming more stable and secure but advanced technology is still unable in creating a secure world. In fact the increasing number of disasters whether natural or manmade are in some way connected with technology and its advancements. The number of natural disaster has went from 125 in the 1980s to 500 in 2018 in a year. The increasing number of natural disaster is because of the many factors but primary factors include urbanization, industrialization fueled by technological innovation, deforestation, excessive land capturing, carbon emissions and changing the natural landscapes and making them into concrete jungle. China has been at the receiving end of a large number of natural disasters mainly due to excessive rains and flooding. A look back shows that in 20210, more than 700 people dies in land sliding incidents due to flooding. An additional 300 people went missing in the same year because of floods. Rains and floods not only ill people, but they also destroy towns, houses, infrastructure, and personal belongings. In other words, the number of dead people might be limited but the number of people effected by floods and rain related problems in china reaches to millions every years. Floods are a regular occurring in china. The economist shared that the number of floods in china has doubled since 2008. The increase in number of floods is facilitated by the rising temperature due to global warming and these floods are more impactful because the rainfalls as result of global warming are more destructive with heavy winds and abrupt rain patterns.
Floods have a close relation with global warming which is the average increase in temperature which results in changed weather patterns, heatwaves, too much or too little rains, floods, wild fires etc. Global warming is fueled by the increase in carbon emission which originates form urbanization, industrialization, over-exploitation of resources and pollution. In other words, all these factors are interconnect but they all lead to water crisis. Water crisis in china can be explained as too little clean water to fulfil the needs of the citizens but too much rainwater that it floods the cities and results in human and economic losses. Just in two months of 2020 (June and July), there has been a record of 443 flooded rivers. Among this huge number, 33 floods were beyond any historic records impacting approximately 54.8 million people. The human and economic losses of these water related issues are huge and they are impacting the social, environmental and infrastructural step-up of china in very negative manner. An estimated number shows that the economic losses of the water-related issues in china in one decade form 2007 till 2016 are almost 36$ billion dollars. China is devising many different options to deal with these issues and one such option is creation of sponge cities.
Surface water flooding or urban flooding is considered as the most crucial water-related problem in China. This issue is not present just in faraway underdeveloped areas. It is mainly present as arising challenge in large cities f china like Shanghai, Wuhan, Beijing and other developed cities. Among all these cities, the issue has its origin in excessive land usage, growing urbanization, industrialization and changes in the natural landscape. These factors has resulted in changing the overall functioning of the big cities. A major problem attached with it is that the cities have ot progressed slowly where sufficient policy measures have been made about infrastructure changes and directing a proper water inflow and outflow. Rather these cities have seen a quick growth and development in few decades. China is one of those countries who have seen a huge grey infrastructure development in just few decades. Other countries shave taken minimum a century in developing their countries to a level of urbanization where china has reached in just few decades. The urbanization process started in 1970s and till 2020, china has become a home of grey infrastructure. The country with beautiful and variant landscapes has become a concrete jungle. This is not just limited to residential homes, china is also home to world’s largest industrial areas. These status has helped the country achieved the status of fastest growing economic power but at the same time, it has messed up the infrastructure of the country.
China has the one of the biggest infrastructure of the factories, manufacturing unites and industries in the world but it has led to excessive carbon emission. Excessive carbon emission results in global warming which is considered as the foremost important factor for non-patterned and changing weather patterns. In extension, it leads to floods. China has built many water reservoirs in the past decades. The number of dams and other water scoring bodies goes to thousands in china but the issue is that most of these reservoirs are located away from big cities and when heavy rain pour down into big cities they do not find any path to move out and results in urban flooding. This issue has grown to such a substantial level that there has been constant incidents where people have died in urban flooding related issues. One such incident was death of 16 people in a subway or public transport where urban flooding clogged the path restricting many passengers inside the bullet train and then filling it with water and killing them. There are increasing cases of people in big cities with all facilities being struck at their homes because of streets filled with water. The occurrence of these events is increasing because china receives a large number of rainfalls every year in monsoon season and there is an abruption in the rainfalls and the subsequent flooding.
The cities at the risk of the urban flooding have another shard feature which is absence of a fully functional and well-integrated sewerage system. Not that these cities have no sewerage system, but the issue are emerging when the capacity of the sewerage system is very limited but the rainfalls are too huge to sustain the water drainage through the present the sewerage system. There are some other contributing factors. For starting, the sewerage system were developed for a limited number of people but due to urbanization, there is a surplus number of people who are using the same previous sewerage system which was installed for a smaller audience. Now there exist a disproportion between the infrastructure and the people using it. Furthermore, the increasing pollution often leads to clogging the sewerage lines at several points which makes it difficult for the normal flow of water let alone the hazardous amount of water coming down from sky. Pollution along with urbanization is one of main challenges faced by China and when these issues come together they create havocs for the citizens and government alike.
Humans does have advanced technology through which they can predict in advance when heavy rainfalls are expected or when there is possibility for floods or heatwaves but they can take very minimal actions to lessen the impact. For instance the city of Wuhan has approximately 11 million population and now with all the advanced technology if it is predicted that the city will reactive heavy rainfall and there is possibility of floods, there is no way that the advanced technology can be used to limit the rainfall or divert the floods, the only option is that residents of the most throated areas are shifted to a safer space but all the 11 million cannot be shifted from one place to another and even if a limited number is shifted to safer space, their belongings worth of billions of dollars will stay behind. In other words, even if the human losses are limited, the material losses are still significant. In brief, with the passage of time human race is becoming more vulnerable in front of natural disasters despite the technological advancement and new levels of learning and knowledge.
China is one of those countries who are going to be most impactful by the dreads of water crisis. Water is essential element for life and one can sustain life without food for some days but not without water even for few hours. Water is not just needed for drinking and cooking, it is an essential raw material for the agriculture, industries and development sector. The big cities often face the issue of water crisis where they run out of underground clean water for even drinking. In such cases the millions of people have to rely on water reservoirs of the state and the water quality is often not up to the mark in these cases. The underground water is an essential feature for sustaining the livelihoods of people in any city. Not only that, but it is also essential for marinating the quality of land but unfortunately in urban setup, there is a concrete jungle where everything is made of concrete and there is no place for rain water to absorb in the soil. In such cases, a lot of water is wasted because it either runs down the sewerage system or it takes the shape of urban flooding without proving to be of any good use. On the other hand, this same water if absorbed by plant roots can improve the quality of air and decrease air pollution. If it is absorbed in the soil, it can increase the underground level of water and improves the overall quality of air and land.
Experts have come up with many options for dealing with challenge of urban flooding. These solutions include green rooftops, planting more plants, effective sewage system, introduction of a separate system for rainwater and a separate system for sewer outflows, installations of water systems for infiltration, installation of attenuation system, more gardens, permeable pavement, sustainable drainage and sponge cities. The concept of Sponge city was conceived by Professor Kong Jian Yu in 2013 as a solution for the urban water management. Sponge cities are a solution in the form of ‘integrated urban water management (IUWM). The basic objective behind the concept is to control and mitigate the urban flooding, water scarcity and water pollution in urban cities of the country. Sponge city idea is presented as Chinese eco-city to save the most critical resource of water in big cities because china is facing the issue of water scarcity in its big cities despite the strategies and planning by government. Sponge city concept is in a nutshell a holistic strategy which is aimed to be enhance the urbanization and development processes by keeping it controlled under a holistic approach.
Research objectives
Research questions
Research gap
Summary of research trends
Research Methodology- 1500
Introduction
Research has emerged as an integral phenomena for innovation, invention and academic development. It is not just limited to academia, because all the major inventions in the world has been somehow connected with research. It is the force of research which tells the bright minds of human history that what is happening and why it is happening. From information technology to healthcare and from architecture to social sciences everything has progressed to current level because researchers gathered, analyzed and shard their working and the work done before you in a way that it provided a way forward to next generation of academics and researchers. The significance of research is very clear that it is the central force of progression, development and growth in human history. The process of research has taken a formal shape in recent centuries because previously it was done in informal manners but even today there exist multiple approaches for research. These approaches vary in which research is planned, conducted and analyzed. The research model foe very research is basically divided into two categories of qualitative and quantitative research depending on the need of the research and research objectives. Both qualitative and quantitative research have their own unique methods and criteria. This essay will explore quantitative vs qualitative debate in detail and draw a conclusion (Long, Friedman, & Brazeal , 2010).
Quantitative research is the model of research employed to investigate and assess the variables in a quantitative manner. In other words, it measures the quantity of variables. Based on the broader approach of involving statistics, numbers and data, the research uses the similar data collection and assessment tools. The techniques employed for data collection are surveys and questionnaires which involve close ended questions and gets translated into numbers at the end. Furthermore, the assessment and analysis is possible through statistical software, charts, mathematical tools etc. This approach is generally used in almost all fields of study including social sciences, medical science, engineering, management sciences and other scientific research fields.
The quantitative research design allows data collection form a bigger sample size. Since the assessment has to be done through mathematical tools, it is easy to create patterns in huge amount of data hence the data collection is also done through a bigger sample size. With the increase in size of sample size, accuracy also increases. Another advantage is the amount of time involved. The data collection and assessment through quantitative research design is much easier and it takes less time. Moreover, the reuse of data for some other purpose is also possible in case of quantitative data (Lohfeld & Brazil, 2012).
On the contrary, the quantitative data can be misleading because numbers can be manipulated in a way that they could create patterns but they do not tell why these patterns have taken particular shape. The scope of quantitative data is limited in regard with understating the underlying reasons. It can just tell what is happening with no information on why it is happening. This can lead to delusional understanding as the researcher’s remains focus on the statistical relationship with no regard for broader relationships and themes. Furthermore, designing research model in case of quantitative data is somewhat difficult and can be misleading. Another key drawback of quantitative data is the difficulty faced in comprehending the context of the pattern. Only those who had a previous knowledge about the particular topic or field can effectively understand the q quantitative research, those who are new to field will find it hard to comprehend it. Lastly, the data sets created through quantitative research might not be adequate for explaining complex issues.
Qualitative research is the model of research employed to investigate and assess the variables in a qualitative manner. In other words, it tries to find out the reasons behind the relationship between the variables. Quantitative research answers the question of ‘what’ whereas the qualitative research answers the question of ‘how’ and ‘why’. It does not involve using numbers, rather it relies on-in-depth reasons for occurring of any event or process. Qualitative research focuses on a deeper understanding of a given problem, with the aim of generating in-depth and declarative information in order to understand all aspects of an analytical problem. The advantages of using qualitative research are evident as Researchers can interact with participants in their own language and in easy-to-understand terms. However, due to practical factors, the researcher could not communicate with the participants for many times, so the researcher did not explain to the participant’s well, which was a defect in this qualitative study. Structured interviews in qualitative research provide an environment in which participants can immerse themselves and provide the most direct perspective to the researcher. In structured interviews, participation provides a holistic view of what is relevant to the study, and the participants' responses help the researcher develop new ways of understanding.
Qualitative research is the most effective technique when it comes to explanatory research. The qualitative research opts a very detailed approach for collection of data and then assessment. This approach is used for understanding the underlying reasons. In recent years, a huge amount of data is generated on continuous basis which can develop quantitative patterns but the reason that why these problems occur cannot be figured out through quantitative research. It is qualitative research which dwell deep into any proem, carefully analyze the data and then report back the insights which are actually worthwhile and lead to effective decision making. Moreover, creativity is a central force in qualitative research as there is scope of creativity in research design. The qualitative research is not just numeric, it also includes human insights into it. A researcher analysis the data shard by the participants in detail. Furthermore, since the qualitative research only focus on limited sample size, it cost less in most cases (Shah, 2017).
On the contrary, the qualitative research is not supported by statistical numbers. It could study a phenomena in detail but its scope will be very limited. It can tell that a certain phenome is occurring but it can support it by numbers and tell whether it happens to a selected unit or large population segments. Moreover, the probability of bias in qualitative research is much higher than quantitative research because researchers have to analyze the data themselves and in an individual a manner which might include their personal biases in the data collection and analysis. While on the other hand, in case of quantitative research there can be little or no bias. This can be seen in a clear example of interviews and survey questions. When a participant is asked open ended questions, their answers are receded by researcher and there can be no binary way of recording this response so the data collection and later its assessment can include a hint of researcher’s bias. While a survey with close ended questions can never have bases in it because the participant clearly selects one option which is then analyzed through mathematical tools. Moreover, data collection is not smooth and data might be lost in case of qualitative data. This does not happen in quantitative data. Furthermore, the qualitative data is often sued for one time purpose. The data is recorded with regard to variables of the current results. They cannot be used again for some other research. The subjectivity of the data creates hindrance for its reuse. Lastly, the quantitative data can lead to misleading results because of human error. The probability of errors in qualitative research is higher than quantitative research.
To conclude, both quantitative and qualitative research have their own uniqueness. There is no right or wrong method research when it comes to quantitative and qualitative research. The selection of either depends on the situation. If a situation demands a numeric patterns and wants to know what masses believe or think, quantitative research is better option because it can gather data from as large sample size in limited time frame and will be free from errors. But if the need is to understand why the masses believe in certain thing or what motivates them to behave in certain way, it can be analyzed only through qualitative research model. In brief, qualitative research answers to ‘why’ and ‘how’ and the quantitative research answers ‘what’ and ‘when’. These two research models ought to be selected based on the research objectives, research problem, resources, time and the nature of research. An even better approach is to opt for a blended approach where both qualitative and quantitative research models are used. When both these methods are sued, it leads to an integrated approach of understanding what is happening and why it is happening. The debate between the two research models has been going on since long but there is no exact answer to this question. Both models have their own unique features and can be used for the respective requirement of the situation but to conclude the paper, the better approach is to select the model based on situation and if not possible then opt for a blended approach of using both quantitative and qualitative research designs (Woods, 2018).
Findings and Discussion-4000
Discussion:
Sponge cities construction framework: Sponge Cities are introduced by China and is the new management strategy for storm water. This strategy absorbs all the water like a sponge and saves the storm water. Through storm water, they solve the water shortage and waterlogging problem. The ecological environment and social-economic development are essential for sustainable development in a country. People are facing challenges even in this time, urbanization has damaged the ecological environment, and due to this, urban water problems arise. For example, many countries including China faced "urban disease" problem which causes by water shortage, waterlogging and water pollution. Waterlogging, water shortage, and water pollution is the main problem arose in chine as the population is increasing day by day. For sustainable development, china takes an initiative in 2013 to build a sponge city to solve the problem of water shortage and water logging and save the water for the use when there is a shortage of water in the city and sponge city plays a vital role in the "sustainable development" of urban cities. Many other countries introduce the management strategy for urban cities water storms, and those countries are Australia, United States, Singapore, the United Kingdom, and South Korea. To solve the problem of water shortage and waterlogging, effective management for sponge cities plays a vital role. Roles of roads and building, infiltration, carrying capacity, slow-release, and purifying capacity also plays an important role in the sustainable development of the sponge cities, and these factors show the effectiveness of management. High cost for management and low-efficiency management problems are faced by the sponge cities. Moreover, this problem will have been solved through the framework of management. When there cost for management will decrease, and the efficiency of the management increased, then that will help them to develop more sponge cities for the sustainable development of the regional economy. However, this will also increase the greenery in the urban areas and also decrease the risk of the flood because stormwater will directly reserve the water. The macro-economy of China grows through sponge cities because, through the framework of sponge cities, they can develop a sustainable water drainage system and solve problems of water shortages, and it will improve their urban ecology. The target for the sponge city is not easy because the management has to control the stormwater peak and pollution. Furthermore, they have to build a management mechanism that ensures water storage targets. Sponge cities in China need to involve the administrative department of the geographical area. Moreover, through technology, their city management level will effectively improve. However, "Information technology" support will play a vital role in the "efficient and effective" management system of sponge city (Chaohui Zhang, 2019).
The link between control elements and management of sponge city: Regional collaboration is the concept of high-level design and is the macro-level control of the management of sponge cities. The cross-regional collaboration will decrease the individual fights and save a lot of management costs. In Cross-regional collaboration, every decision will have taken by the top-level management, and that increases the efficiency of the management department. It will also encourage the efficiency of decision making in the management of sponge city. A cross-level collaboration mechanism will increase the efficiency of sponge city management. There are three meanings of multiple linkages, and those are "multifunctional department linkage, development, and multiple control factors linkage". The first is the multifunctional department linkage. Construction of sponge city and its management is "systematic engineering, and it includes the design and planning, early warning, water system rebuilding, monitoring of water environment, infrastructure construction, and constructions for park green. Sponge city collaborative management is an effective way for the management of resources (Shuhan Zhang, 2018).
The second linkage between control elements and management is the "linkage of multiple control factors". Sponge city has multiple objectives for controlling. Its characteristics are not only to reserve the stormwater, but it also controls the pollution and peak of stormwater. According to the control objectives, they have to build a management mechanism. For instance, management for the carrying capacity should be strong when there is a peak in the stormwater. Moreover, management should establish the "emergency mechanism" in that situation where the water storage capacity exceeds the range. Pollution of stormwater is another example of "multiple control factors". Water diffusion should be considered by the management of sponge city because it causes pollution. When management does not consider the cause of pollution, then that can cause diffusion pollution. However, diffusion does not affect "the environment of water", but it can cause other problems. Sponge city management should establish a sustainable drainage system to overcome water diffusion. The management of sponge cities should also focus on the satisfaction of the public that lives in sponge cities and should construct a feasible system for improving the climate condition. They also need to investigate the other characteristics that will help them to improve the urban management of sponge cities. The third Linkage between control elements and management of sponge city is "multi-dimensional linkage with the development". Promoting the city green development, development of the economy, building up the ecological civilization are the main goals of sponge city. However, multi-dimensional development should be started by the sponge city to develop the regional economy and ecological civilization. These linkages will help the management to build a Sponge Cities for the development of a Sustainable Urban Drainage system. Development of sustainable drainage systems in an urban area by making them the sponge cities create a green infrastructure, clean water and also reduced the risk of flood, and also improve the regional economy and also the life quality. Moreover, sponge city construction should be in an efficient way to develop sustainable drainage systems in an urban area(Craig Lashford 1, 2019).
Challenges: There are few challenges related to sponge cities, and those are physical challenges, technical challenges, financial challenges, regulatory and public acceptance are challenges. The first challenge is the physical challenge. Geographical location is a challenge for the government because sometimes, measures of a sponge city are not suitable for a specific location in terms of climate, land, and other conditions. Climate is a physical challenge because there are many areas in China where the ground is freeze throughout the year. That becomes a challenge for the government for reconstructing the city into a sponge city. The second challenge is the financial challenge. The cost of constructing the sponge city is clear, but the maintenance and operation cost is still unknown. Investing without knowing the benefits comes from that investment in the future increase the financial risk for the private and public entities (Jun Xia, 2017).
The third challenge related to the sponge city is the technical challenge. China has to select only one model that will fit in all parts of the country. Every city soil and the land condition is different than the reason it becomes a big challenge for them to choose that model that will fit all around the country. Lack of guidance and knowledge also causes a problem and becomes a challenge for the government to implement and plan the sponge city, moreover, there is another problem which is green materials and product unavailability. The fourth challenge related to the sponge city is "public acceptance". Mostly the system for the sponge city is built underground and is dispersed in the large area of the city, and sometimes the land is private, which means standing in the way of the general public. However, it becomes a challenge because sometimes the public does not accept this and do not want to give their land for this purpose. Moreover, acceptance and opinion of the public are quite important because it can influence the success of the sponge city plan. These types of challenges can negatively affect the sponge city Development of the Sustainable Urban Drainage system and China have to overcome the challenges (Hui Li, 2017).
Impact of Sponge cities: Sponge city construction reduces the effect of carbon. 50 percent of the total population is living in the city and consuming 75 percent of the energy. By using energy, they are producing 80 percent of carbon emission. Biological and human resources, fossil fuel burning and organic material corrosion is the form of carbon emission. Sponge city construction converts construction methods and urban development. Emission of carbon can reduce in the sponge cities through a reduction in the energy of fossil fuels and emission, carbon fixation, and reduction of carbon. Carbon skins in urban cities are the most important source of green systems. When sponge city is constructing in China, then that increases the grassland growth through rainwater gardens, planted trenches, green roofs, wetland, and green spaces. However, an increase in Greenland will increase the "absorption of carbon" from the air and reduce carbon emission. That will also manage the heat that affects the island and change in the global environment. Moreover, it will also encourage the beauty and living environment. The heat effect of urban is high on the island and can reduce through sponge city construction. It also reduces the consumption of electronic appliances such as air conditions because construction of the sponge city includes the grasses swales, green roofs that change the climate, and people do not need to use many electronic appliances. Research shows that due to the construction of sponge cities consumption of energy-reduced by 30 percent, and that means a decrease in fossil fuel energy (Guoqiang Dong, 2018).
Sponge city construction reduced the impervious surface and reduced the consumption of cement. When cement consumption increased, then it increases the carbon footprints. Due to the construction of the sponge city in china decrease cement production because of the decrease in demand. When demand decreases, then cement manufacturing factories do not have to produce the cement, and that will decrease the consumption of energy, and chemical reaction and reduce the carbon from the air. They can also decrease the carbon by using rainwater. Through the construction of sponge city, management reserve the excessive amount of water and use that rainwater. When they use the rainwater, then that will reduce tap water consumption and also decrease the emission of carbon. When carbon emission has reduced, then that will positively influence the environment and climate (Weiwei Shao, 2018).
Two examples: Two examples of sponge cities in china are "Baicheng and Jinan in Julin and Shandong province respectively. Jinan city is in the Shandong province, and it is one of the 16 cities selected by the government of China. Jinan has a shortage of water and flooding problems, and the reason is uneven "rainfall" in a different season. People do not have an excessive amount of water. The government takes this initiative to fulfill the need for water by making the Jinan city into sponge city. It also decreases water pollution in the city and reduces carbon emission. The construction of the sponge city has three aspects. The first aspect is that it improves the drainage system of stormwater, and also control the flood. The second aspect is that it helps to store the water reuse the water, and the third aspect is to ensure the discharge and handle the flood. Another example of sponge city in China is "Baicheng in the Shandong province", and is in north China. The temperature in Baicheng reaches -30C, and the water drainage problem is "quite high" as compare to Jinan because most of the drainage pipe in Baicheng had been constructed in the '80s, '70s, and '60s. The government needs to reconstruct this city because it is quite old, and there is a lot of water storage problems. When a country uses the sponge water management strategy, then that will help them to overcome the problem of water storage. In this strategy, they reconstruct the city and install the proper water drain and storage system. It also develops the ecological environment and decreases carbon emission. Waterlogging, water shortage, and water pollution can be minimizing by converting the city into a sponge city. Moreover, sponge city is a framework for the development of the Urban Drainage system because without making the sponge city, China cannot overcome the problem of water shortage and floods (Xiaoning Li, 2016).
Analysis and evaluation-3500
Conclusion-1500
