Critical Motivation Paper

Need for Intimacy

scored people for intimacy; gave them beeper, randomly beep( if they are thinking other people or not)

stronger measure; more need for intimacy on TAT, more positive affect on social interactions

they thought more about others when beeped

Need for Closure

hate ambiguity,

seize&freeze; they will stick with an explanation and ignore counter explanations

need for cognition; need to think about things deeply, consistently want to organize the world ( we want everything to make sense), read more editorials, more likely to expand views

need for meaning; trying to make sense out of world, (not just understanding, there is a purpose behind)

counterfactual thinking; ( if it hadn't been this way, what would it be), ie; what if happened, if I haven't met you. ( makes people happy!) it was meant to be thinking.

Need for power; they are trying to run stuff. They try to get in situations where they can tell people what to do, give unsolicited advice, influence and impress others. Need trappings of power, valuable art works, expensive cars, platinum credit cards and etc.... power themes in stories they tell, more likely to use drugs, drink, exploit(somurmek) sex partners, gamble. More likely to be college educated, more likeley to have wives dont work outside the house. Manifests as need to enter careeres involving power

those with need for power progress are better at their jobs

need for self-esteem; success/pretensions (JAMES)

pretensions translates into the modern concept of “contingencies of self-worth”

make your pretensions realistic, and build your self-esteem

(what can I reach if I worked hard enough), try to be better than you are right now

Crocker said; pretensions can have 7 different domains;

approval from others, appearance, competition, academic competence, family support, being virtues, god's love(spirituality)

next monday test fml

Personality & Self

temperament; consistent individual – manifests earlier in childhood – includes fearfulness and sociability in both animals&humans

personality; consistent ways of behaving – creates preferences for certain situations over others

differences in temperament

1. is more hereditary and biological

2. appears earlier

3. can also refer to behavior

4. is more or less fixed

the big five;

1- openness to experience; willingness and desire to have new experiences, closed - opened

2- conscientiousness need to follow through and meet obligations; undependable - dependable

3- extraversion; outgoingness, need for companionship, withdrawn – outgoing

4- agreeableness; willingness to get along and get along, agreeable – disagreeable

5- neuroticism; nervousness, anxiety, tendency to fall apart in a crisis, stable – unstable

everybody relates and even in different cultures, they don't correlate with each other!

Sensation seeking; a separate variable that feeds into the big 5

involves seeking out sensation of all kinds

associated with risk taking of all sorts

four factors to sensation seeking; - thrill and adventure(what you done before and gives you thrill) seeking, experience(what you wannna do ) seeking, disinhibition(doing stuff without thinking about it), boredom susceptibility(so bored, they need something new, they jump into crazy stuff cuz they are bored

operational definitions; the NEO personality inventory (243 questions)

the mini marker set (a briefer, 40 question version)

the Sensation seeking scale,

add the other stuff

cortex neurons

Psychophysiology

high sensation skeers are low in monoamine oxydase(break down monoamine) , and low sensations seekers are high in it, leading to lower dopamine levels,

those high in mao get less of a charge out of stimulation and excitement

dopamine responsible for pleasure

when you take drugs linger and give you a bit more pleasure,

if you are high on dopamine and high on monomine oxydase, it will take away the drugs pleasure relatively quickly, its not as much fun to drugs, drugs make you more paranoid, and after drug's effect is gone, you are still paranoid but you are not feeling great anymore, and you might not feel like doing it again. But for others low on dopamine and low on momonine oxydase, drugs effect is longer, and get more pleasure doing it.

negatives will stay, but the joy will pass by quickly

high sensation seekers show heart rate deceleration(orienting) to stimuli

low sensation seekers show heart rate acceleration (defense reaction) to stimuli

identical twins still show differences in personalities

introverts show more chronic arousal of the cortex than extraverts due to greater activity of the reticular activating system

the constraint factor; (similar to sensation seeking) has been shown by twin studies to be more hereditary than environmental

how a person reacts to the environment depends on the amount of a trait the person possesses

Trait-Environment correlation

personality traits help determine the particular environments people seek and stay in

passive correlation; biological parents also create children's environments ( cuz they stuck you in the environment) pushing you to play basketball

evocative correlation; person's traits evoke certain responses from others

active correlation; individuals seek and create environments that match their traits

introverts and extraverts asked to imagine winning a lottery or being expelled

extraverts were more positive when picturing good things, but introverts not more negative when picturing bad ones

extraverts were more cheerful in general

extraversion correlates with marriage satisfaction for both sexes, but only extroverted men show more satisfaction dating relationships

extraverts seek social activities like team sports, inverterts avoid them prefer individual sports

like higher noise levels in the library, like competition more

they prefer occupations that require social mingiling, social assertion&exhibitionism

extraversion is positively related to amount of time people spend in freely chosen social situations but negatively related to imposed situations

extraverts and introverts channel their motive for affiliation differently,

neuroticisim T-E I

neurotics are easier to put in a negative mood but neuroticism doesn't correlate with positive moodm

women high in neuroticism less satisfied with their men but no effect found for males

neurotic employees evaluate their careers more negatively than non-neurotic employees

neuroticism coped with negative events by drinking alone more often than people low in neuroticism

people high In neuroticism engage in risky sexual and drug usage behaviors more than those low in neuroticism

conscientiousness; correlates with gpa even when scholastic ability controlled for, those who increase over 4 years get progressively higher grades

those higher on this trait spend more hours studying, use less alcohol and illegal drugs, smoke less, engage in less risky driving and sex

those higher in agreeableness more willing to be late to help a friend or sibling with car trouble, but is no more likely to help a stranger

those lower in agreeableness, conscientiousness, and extraversion use the Internet more

exception- conscientious students use the net more for school purposes only

prejudice

those high in openness, thus probably associating with more different people, and agreeableness, thus liking the encounters better had lower prejudice levels than those lower in these qualities

happiness

very happy college students are lower on neuroticism and higher on extraversion and agreeableness than very unhappy ones, with no difference on other traits

coping

those high in conscientiousness plan better, have less stressed

those high in agreeableness have fewer social stresses

those high in neuroticism have more interpersonal conflict, more stress

those high in extraversion, openness, and conscientiousness directly attack stressors

those high in neuroticism evaluate stress more negatively and disengage from stressful situations more often

weight gain

overweight and obese people tend to be more neurotic and extraverted, but less conscientious than normals

impulsiveness associated with neuroticism, lack of self-control with low conscientiousness

sensation seeking

those who play high risk sports higher in thrill and adventure seeking in experience seeking and in overall sensation seeking

those high in experience seeking and in boredom susceptibility prefer nonsense humor over incongruity-resolution humor

those high in disinhibition like sexual humor more than other groups

high in disinhibition experience seekers like erotic movies more than low disinhibition, experience seekers