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33.docxSocial Science 316. Race and Racism Winter, 2019
Exam #3
Directions: This is a multiple-choice exam. Please select the letter of the answer that you believe correct; if you believe none of the answers exactly correct, select the answer you believe to be closest to correct. Each question is worth 2 points; the entire exam is worth 100 points. Good luck!
1 A significant factor that recent studies of excessive use of force by police officers against Black suspects have identified is that
a) most police officers are overtly prejudiced against Black people.
* b) police officers often consider Black suspects to be more violent and dangerous.
c) Black suspects are more likely than other suspects to be hostile when detained by the police.
d) Black suspects are more likely than other suspects to be under the influence of PCP and other drugs that encourage violent responses.
2 In 1950, racial discrimination in hiring in the U.S. was
a) illegal everywhere.
* b) legal almost everywhere.
c) legal on a case-by-case basis.
d) prohibited in some states but not others.
3 Today, racial discrimination in hiring in the U.S. is
* a) illegal everywhere.
b) legal almost everywhere.
c) legal on a case-by-case basis.
d) prohibited in some states but not others.
4 Which of the following statements about ethnic slurs is accurate?
a) Every ethnic slur is based on some germ of truth.
b) Once a word is associated as a slur, it never can be used otherwise.
* c) Ethnic slurs serve in part to re-affirm a racial hierarchy.
d) Ethnic slurs take on power only when they have a long history.
5 In the U.S. today, infant mortality is
a) about the same for all racial and ethnic groups.
* b) higher among Native Americans and African-Americans than among European-Americans.
c) far higher for mixed-race infants than for any other group.
d) lowest among Native Americans.
6 Referring to question #5: This pattern of infant mortality probably results from
a) the biological equality of all races.
b) the benefits of long-term natural selection.
* c) differences in economic status and health care.
d) the effects of miscegenation.
7 In the U.S., arrest of a member of a racial minority who has committed a crime is more likely than arrest of a White who has committed a crime, because
a) police often spend more time in minority neighborhoods.
b) police (rightfully or wrongfully) often expect minorities to be more involved in crime and target them as suspects.
c) crimes with minority suspects are more likely to be reported to the police than those with White
suspects.
* d) All of the above are true.
e) None of the above is true.
8 Which of the following may distort figures reported in the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)?
a) A computer program systematically under-reported data from the southern states between 1992 and 2006.
b) The Supreme Court ruled in 2003 that some information from the UCR cannot be released.
* c) Some local agencies purposefully withhold information to make themselves look good statistically.
d) All of the above are true.
e) None of the above is true.
9 According to the discussion in class, the Alt Right movement
a) developed in the American South just after the Civil War.
b) is a political action group that favors strict interpretation of the Constitution, like C-PAC.
* c) advocates White supremacism, but it packages its message in a less overt and more sophisticated manner than traditional hate groups, like the KKK.
d) is a Black supremacist group that split off from the Black Israelite movement.
10 A racial profile is
a) similar to an Affirmative Action “quota,” but less of a problem if an employer fails to meet it.
b) a statistical measure to evaluate discrimination in the courtroom.
* c) a set of demographic characteristics that police look for in suspects.
d) a drawing of the side of a person’s head, used for pistol practice.
11 As discussed in class, racial discrimination in the granting of credit
a) is relatively minor because laws governing banks are so strict.
* b) is relatively easy, because criteria for making or refusing loans include subjective factors.
c) was never legal in the United States.
d) only targeted African-Americans.
12 Raw crime rates (as usually calculated in the U.S.)
a) are about the same for all races and ethnic groups.
* b) are considerably higher for most minority groups than average.
c) are higher for Whites than minorities.
d) are about 5–10% higher for most minorities than for Whites.
13 Social Darwinism refers to
a) sociobiology as applied to human beings.
* b) a belief that poverty, inequality, and conquest result from the natural inferiority of some groups and individuals.
c) the effects of culture on evolution over long periods of time.
d) the grand ball at the annual meeting of the Association for Evolutionary Biology.
14 According to your reading by Judy Scales-Trent, the term mulatto (as applied to people)
* a) grew out of the idea that miscegenation is unnatural.
b) has passed from being an ethnic slur to an expression of pride and healthy self-image.
c) is an ethnic slur sometimes used to describe tribal Sri Lankans.
d) was a legal term in New York state that became part of common usage after World War I.
15 Which of the following is an example of White privilege?
a) A White governor in 1965 uses the National Guard to disperse peaceful civil rights demonstrators.
* b) A White job accountant doesn’t realize that she was hired because the hiring officer holds a stereotype that White people have better attention to detail than others.
c) In 1942, Franklin Roosevelt declared Executive Order 9066, requiring that Japanese-Americans be
interned for the duration of World War II.
d) All of these examples illustrate White privilege.
16 According to virtually all social scientists, the single factor correlating most closely with criminal activity is
a) race.
* b) economic status.
c) occupation.
d) geographical region of residence.
17 Which of the following statements is most in keeping with the thinking reflected in the Moynihan Report?
a) The fault for minority poverty in America lies with the selfish actions of the White power elite.
b) The fault for minority poverty in America lies with institutions that, through no one’s intentions, have limited minority economic mobility.
* c) The fault for minority poverty in America lies with the minorities themselves, since they have failed to exercise sufficient self-discipline to take advantage of opportunities and overcome their problems.
d) The fault for minority poverty in America lies with credit-granting institutions, like banks.
18 “Membership in hate groups in the U.S. has been steadily declining since the 1960s.” True or false?
a) true
* b) false
19 Which do most criminal justice scholars argue is the most unfair (in terms of racial discrimination) of the following steps in the U.S. criminal justice process?
* a) arrest
b) judgment of guilt or innocence in court
c) execution of the sentence
d) all of the above are fair
20 In the U.S., sentencing guidelines regarding crack and powder cocaine have resulted in
* a) sytematically longer sentences for Black offenders than White offenders.
b) systematically shorter sentences for Black offenders than White offenders.
c) essential equality in sentences for Black and White offenders.
21 Which of the following is matrifocal?
a) a family where the husband makes less income than the wife
b) a father living with his children but without their mother
* c) a mother living with her children but without their father
d) a family with at least two female children
22 Phrenology was important in scientific racism because
* a) it helped forge the link between outward appearance and mental traits.
b) it justified the racial hierarchy upon which scientific racism was based.
c) it provided the means of demonstrating that members of darker races were less intelligent.
d) it developed the concept of “Nature” as a moral force.
23 Using Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) data, if we compare people of similar income
a) crime rates typically are equal for all races.
* b) minority crime rates typically run 5-10% higher than average.
c) minority crime rates typically run about 2 to 3 times higher than average.
d) minority crime rates typically run 5-10% lower than average.
24 Which of the following is not true of Affirmative Action in the United States?
a) Many supporters of Affirmative Action believe eventually the programs should become unnecessary.
b) There are different versions of Affirmative Action programs at the federal and state levels.
* c) Affirmative Action rules apply to every form of employment in the United States today.
d) The rules of Affirmative Action programs never require that a person be fired to make room for a person of another race.
e) For Affirmative Action purposes, a minority candidate should be chosen only if he or she meets at least the minimal qualifications for the position.
25 I run a sizable business in Iowa making golf tees. I supply many pro shops, including those at golf courses that host major tournaments; I even sell to the White House and the U.S. State Department. I am about to hire a new accountant. Am I legally obligated to follow Affirmative Action guidelines?
* a) yes
b) no
26 According to the discussion in class, the White Pride Movement is
a) a healthy movement to focus on the achievements of White persons.
b) parallel to the Black Pride Movement in its intentions.
* c) a hate movement based on White supremacist ideas.
d) a conservation organization working to preserve albino lions.
27 During World War II, internment camps for German-Americans
a) all were located in the Midwest.
b) had considerably better living conditions than camps for Japanese-Americans.
c) sometimes were merged with camps for Italian-Americans.
* d) never existed.
28 The internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II
* a) led to financial ruin for many of those interned.
b) took place all over the United States.
c) was harshest in Hawaii because of long-smoldering resentments there.
d) differed from Japan’s prisoner-of-war camps in no significant way.
29 In times of war, governments often promote negative stereotypes of their enemies through propaganda for domestic consumption. According to the class discussion, what is probably the primary reason for this?
a) Following the findings of externalization theory, these stereotypes will cause self-doubt and
hesitation among the enemy.
* b) They hope these will dehumanize the enemy in the eyes of their own troops and citizens.
c) They inherited these stereotypes from earlier times and never considered whether they were accurate.
d) These stereotypes are believed to make occupation of the enemy’s country (after its defeat) easier.
30 As used in class, institutional racism means
a) behind-closed-doors racism as practiced by government, business, and educational leaders.
* b) policies that are not intended to be racially discriminatory but result in conveying advantage to one racial group, disadvantage to another.
c) discrimination in admission to colleges.
d) racism that has persisted for a very long time.
31 Ethnic slurs and more-polite terms for the same groups differ
* a) in connnotations but not denotations.
b) in denotations but not connotations.
c) in both connotations and denotations.
d) in neither connotations nor denotations.
32 On the basis of class discussion and readings, which of the following statements is most accurate?
a) Racism has occurred only with people of European descent.
* b) Racism has occurred in a wide range of societies around the world.
33 The internet has
a) made it harder for hate groups to operate, since the FBI can monitor their members more easily.
* b) made it easier for hate groups to operate, since they can recruit members and disseminate information easily and anonymously.
c) had little effect on hate groups, since most of their members are in age groups that use computers
rarely.
34 Studies of White supremacist hate groups today suggest that
a) their membership is getting older, since younger people are less attracted to them.
* b) young members are being recruited to them, and their appeal to younger people persists.
c) their membership is almost exclusively from the Deep South (Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, and
Louisiana).
d) increasing numbers of Jews are joining them.
35 A worker is called into his boss’s office and told that he is being fired to open a slot for a minority to be hired. The boss explains that she is sorry but has no alternative, because Affirmative Action quotas require her to take this action. Which of the following is true?
a) The boss is correct, and the worker has no recourse.
b) The boss is correct, but the worker can appeal this decision through the courts or the Federal Anti-
discrimination Board.
* c) The boss is wrong, because Affirmative Action relates only to hiring and never requires that someone be fired to open up a slot.
d) The boss is wrong, because Affirmative Action — while requiring that slots be opened by firing — does not require that any particular worker be fired.
36 An admissions officer at a university notes that standardized test scores for a particular high school run low, so she considers a high grade-point average from that high school to be less of an achievement than a similar grade-point average from a second high school and makes admission decisions accordingly. Though the admissions officer doesn’t realize it, the first high school is in a predominantly minority neighborhood, while the second one is in a predominantly White neighborhood. Using the definitions provided in class, this is an example of
* a) institutional discrimination.
b) personal discrimination.
c) stochastic discrimination.
d) no discrimination at all — merely prejudice.
37 Scientific racism
a) is important in the history of racism but has no bearing on modern issues.
* b) is used by contemporary hate groups as a justification for their beliefs.
c) is a synonym for sociobiology.
d) developed in the American South immediately after the Civil War.
38 Transportation Safety Authority agents (the security people at airports) immediately after the 9/11 attacks were directed to consider young men who “looked Middle Eastern” as greater potential threats as terrorists than others and to search them more thoroughly. (This instruction has been modified since.) This is an example of
a) racial prejudice only.
b) social Darwinist thinking.
* c) target profiling.
d) institutional subvention.
39 “When we look at Black and White persons with annual incomes around $45,000, the likelihood that a Black person or a White person will be arrested is equal.” Which of the following is a fair and accurate assessment of this statement?
a) True, because crime rates are essentially the same for different racial groups if we control for income.
* b) Almost true, but there remains a 5-10% greater chance that the Black person will be arrested.
c) Untrue, because income is unrelated to crime, and the probability of the Black person being
arrested in between 2 and 3 times greater than that of the White person being arrested.
d) True, but only for this relatively low-income demographic.
40 Studies using fictional job applicants with “White-sounding” and “Black-sounding” names have shown that in today’s world
a) race is an insignificant factor in hiring.
* b) race is a significant factor in hiring, favoring those with “White-sounding” names.
c) race is a significant factor in hiring, favoring those with “Black-sounding” names.
41 Many critics of the Moynihan Report have suggested alternative or complementary reasons explaining why poverty is more common among racial minorities. Which of the following is not one of those alternative explanations?
a) Credit and loans can be difficult to obtain because institutions often discriminate racially (whether
legal or not).
* b) Racial minorities, particularly Blacks, have become tolerant of poverty, crime, and inferior status and have failed to work hard enough to overcome them.
c) Goods often are more expensive in ghetto neighborhoods, and residents there often don’t realize they are cheaper elsewhere.
d) Even if ghetto residents realize that goods are cheaper elsewhere, transportation difficulties make it difficult to take advantage of those cheaper prices.
e) The power structure of America encourages various kinds of racial discrimination (institutional and otherwise) that favor White people economically.
42 In his reading on “Science and Jewish immigration,” Stephen Jay Gould argued that
* a) scientists like Goddard and Pearson used faulty science to argue that Jewish migration to the U.S. was harmful to that nation.
b) scientists like Goddard and Pearson refuted the common stereotype that Jews were stupid.
c) most scientists considered Goddard and Pearson as “renegades” and strongly criticized their work.
d) the silence of scientists about Jewish immigration can now be seen as moral cowardice.
43 In the Sherman Alexie book, Indians are portrayed as
* a) mostly being very poor.
b) having to cope with sudden wealth from casinos.
c) having to change their lifestyles when a factory leaves the reservation, resulting in massive unemployment.
d) spiritual people who have no need or use for money.
44 In the Sherman Alexie book, the author tells us that Arnold became a good basketball player because
a) he had genes for being competitive: sociobiology.
* b) his coach and others encouraged him, telling him that he was a good player: externalization theory.
c) he was using basketball as a way to show how “White” he had become: manipulating ethnic markers.
d) he used the sport as a way to bond with his tribal friends: the communal social relationship.
45 In the Sherman Alexie book, one of the characters is described as receiving a DWI: driving while Indian. The author considers this an example of
a) prejudice
* b) racial profiling
c) institutional racism
d) White privilege
46 In Ward Churchill’s reading on team mascots, he argues that
a) most Indians are proud to see their heritage being celebrated with team mascots.
* b) Native-based team mascot names are inherently degrading and should be abolished.
c) liberals have become too concerned with political correctness and should view Native-based mascot names as innocent fun.
d) team mascots are essentially unimportant and distract attention from more important issues.
47 Aryans are
a) a sports team discussed in Ward Churchill’s reading.
b) all people of European descent.
c) a Black supremacist group.
* d) an ethnic group from India that Nazi German scholarship viewed as ancestral to modern Germans.
48 As discussed in class, which of the following is a valid argument for why schools in economically depressed neighborhoods so often offer low-quality education?
a) The administrators that distribute the state and federal allocations that fund public education at the high-school level are mostly White and favor White neighborhoods.
b) The residents of low-income neighborhoods mostly don’t care about education and consistently vote down bond issues designed to improve public education.
d) Economically depressed neighborhoods usually have less intelligent students, so teachers and school administrators can only achieve limited success.
49 Under Affirmative Action guidelines, is it possible that the most qualified applicant for a job should not be offered the position?
* a) yes
b) no
50 Are all human beings members of the same species?
* a) yes
b) no
