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316_Exam3_EU_PPT_S18.pdf
EUROPE CHAPTER 6 ~ PART 2
THE WAR IS OVER!
POST WORLD WAR II GERMANY
MARSHALL PLAN (1947)
European Recovery Program (ERP)
The 4-year plan was funded at $13 billion in 1947$ ($110 billion in 2016$)
Funding began in April 1948
Offered to all WWII combatant countries including the Soviet Union
18 countries received benefits: UK (26%), France (18%), West Germany (11%) receiving the most money
ORGANIZATION OF EUROPEAN ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION (1948)
This organization was founded to administer American and Canadian aid for the reconstruction of Europe
Following the expiration of the Marshall Plan funding the OEEC provided a framework for negotiating a European Free Trade Area (EFTA) and setting up the European Nuclear Energy Agency
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO)
NATO was founded in 1949 as a collective defense of Western European nations against Soviet aggression
This issue was highlighted when Czechoslovakia followed the other Eastern European counties by establishing a Communist government
Initial founding members were: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, United Kingdom, United States
There are currently 29 member states
EUROPE ~ NATO MEMBERSHIP
© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
WARSAW PACT
The Warsaw Pact was the Soviet response to NATO when West Germany was allowed to join in 1955
Formally known as the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance
Members included: Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union
Hungary withdrew in 1956 prompting a Soviet invasion to remove the government
Czechoslovakia was invaded by Warsaw Pact forces in August 1968
WAR GAMES
SUPRANATIONALISM
Benelux (1944) – Benelux Union
Council of Europe (1949)
European Coal and Steel Community – ECSC (1951)
Treaty of Rome creates European Economic Community – EEC (1957)
European Community – EC (1967)
Single Market debut; EC becomes European Union (1993)
Economic and Monetary Union (1999)
Euro becomes national currency for 12 EU nations in 2002
BENELUX UNION (1944)
Originally a customs union between Belgium and Luxembourg founded in 1921
The Netherlands joined in 1944 creating BeNeLux
This agreement allowed free movement of goods, labor and capital between the three countries
The BENELUX Union joined the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951
COUNCIL OF EUROPE (1949)
An organization supporting co-operation between European countries on the following issues:
Human rights
Democratic government
Legal standards
The rule of law
Operates the European Court of Human Rights
Headquartered in Strasbourg, France
Currently has 47 members (pop: 820 million people)
Official languages are English and French
EUROPEAN COAL AND STEEL COMMUNITY (1952)
Created by the Treaty of Paris in 1951
Six members: France, West Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg and Italy
Eliminated tariffs and duties on coal, iron and steel within the ECSC
Purpose was to prevent future wars between France and Germany
“Common Assembly” legislature was the forerunner of the European Parliament
EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY (1958)
Created by the Treaty of Rome in 1957
The six-member ECSC moved into wider economic cooperation
Widely known as the Common Market
First big accomplishment was the Common Agricultural Policy dealing with farm product prices in 1962
EEC becomes the European Community in 1967
All tariff duties removed on intra-EC trade and common external tariffs set in 1968
EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION (1960)
Created by the Stockholm Convention in 1959 to serve as a counterweight to the EEC
Members included: Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom
The UK and Denmark join the EC in 1973
Portugal joins the EC in 1986
Austria and Sweden join the EU in 1995
Current members: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland
THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY (1967) BECOMES THE EU IN 1993
The original 6 members (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and The Netherlands) seek to enlarge the membership
Denmark, Ireland and the UK admitted in 1973 (9)
Greece admitted in 1981 (10)
Spain and Portugal admitted in 1986 (12)
Austria, Finland and Sweden admitted in 1995 (15)
CRITERIA FOR EU MEMBERSHIP
In 1993 the conditions for EU membership were explicitly disclosed:
Stable democratic institutions
The rule of law
Respect for human rights
Respect and protection for minorities
A functioning market economy
The capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the union
MORE MEMBERS JOIN
10 more members (Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia) admitted in 2004 (25)
Romania and Bulgaria admitted in 2007 (27)
Croatia admitted in 2013 (28)
Albania, Iceland, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia & Turkey are in negotiations to join the EU
© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
THE SINGLE MARKET
Created by the Maastricht Treaty in 1992
Became operational in 1993
EC becomes European Union
Established the Four Freedoms of the EU: the free movement of goods, capital, services, and people within member states
Intended to unite the economies of the EU members into a single European economy
Set the foundation for the adoption of the Euro currency
ECONOMIC AND MONETARY UNION
All EU members belong to the EMU
In 1998:
The European Central Bank was created to print money and regulate interest rates
11 of the then 15 members agreed to adopt a single currency and abandon their own money supplies
The Euro was officially launched on January 1, 1999, as an accounting currency for trade and exchange
Euro banknotes and coins were issued on January 1, 2002 – all old currencies were withdrawn from use
Currently 19 of the 28 members use the Euro
STRASBOURG: SYMBOL OF A UNITED EUROPE
Themes and concepts illustrated in this video: Supranationalism
European Union
European Parliament
Council of Europe
Relative Location
The Euro
STRASBOURG
What does the name “Strasbourg” mean?
Why was Strasbourg selected as the headquarters for the European Parliament?
What is the Council of Europe?
What is the typical path to membership in the European Union?
What are the advantages of being a member?
What are the disadvantages of being a member?
Strasbourg
EUROZONE (19 COUNTRIES)
2002—12 EU countries (UK, Denmark, and Sweden staying out)
2007—Slovenia
2008—Cyprus and Malta
2009—Slovakia
2011—Estonia
2014—Latvia
2015—Lithuania
EURO CRISIS
EURO CRISIS
The world recession beginning in 2008 caused financial disruption in Europe
Some member states had massive budget deficits and large debts
Government debt crises:
Greece required a bailout in 2008
Ireland and Portugal in 2011
Greece needed a 2nd bailout in 2012 and a 3rd in 2015
Bank debt crises:
Spain needed €100 billion in 2012
Cyprus needed €10 billion in 2013
SLOVAKIA: NEW SOVEREIGNTY
Themes and concepts illustrated in this video: Devolution
Delimiting borders between states
Slovakia-Hungarian conflicts: Dam construction and water diversion on the
Danube
Hungarian irredentism
Gypsies
SLOVAKIA
What major event in Europe allowed Czechoslovakia to consider separating into two countries?
Who actually decided to break up Czechoslovakia?
Were the people allowed to vote on separation?
When did the separation occur?
What complications arose when defining the border?
How did the Hungarians living in the new Slovak Republic feel about the separation?
What group is often the scapegoat for social problems in this part of Europe?
CATALONIA
DEVOLUTION IN SPAIN
SEEKING AUTONOMY
SCOTTISH INDEPENDENCE REFERENDUM (9/18/2014)
England and Scotland united together under the Acts of Union in 1707
Population:
U.K. – 63.2 million
England – 53 million
Scotland – 5.3 million
Wales – 3.1 million
Northern Ireland – 1.8 million
JUNE 23, 2016
COLD WAR EUROPE (1946-1989)
POST WORLD WAR II GERMANY
THE BERLIN WALL
Officially known as the “Anti-Fascist Protection Rampart”
Over 3.5 million East Germans escaped to the west through Berlin by 1961
Soviet officials wanted this route closed
Construction began on August 13, 1961 by GDR workers
This date is known as “Barbed Wire Sunday”
WALL CROSSINGS
After the wall was completed 1962 100,000 people attempted to cross the border
Over 5,000 people were successful
About 200 people were killed
The death strip was completed in 1965 rendering escape even more difficult
THE BERLIN WALL
THE WALL
LOOKING EAST
THE WALL COMES DOWN
BERLIN: UNITED WE STAND
Themes and concepts illustrated in this video: German reunification
Cold War
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Warsaw Pact
Iron Curtain
Berlin Wall
COLD WAR EUROPE (1946-1989)
POLAND: DIFFUSION OF DEMOCRACY
This story presents the difficulties facing Poland in its transition from communism to capitalism
Keywords illustrated in this video:
Free Market Economy
Iron Curtain
Diffusion
Diffusion of Democratic Practice
51
RUSSIAN PULLBACK
As the Berlin Wall fell the Russians saw that their military position in Europe was faltering
The Western Group of Forces occupying East Germany, Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia would need to retreat to friendly territory
The “Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany” was signed on September 12, 1990
WARSAW PACT
The Warsaw Pact was disbanded on February 25, 1991
65,000 Soviet troops withdrew from Hungary in July 1991
73,000 Soviet troops withdrew from Czechoslovakia in August 1991
59,000 Soviet troops withdrew from Poland in 1992
EAST GERMANY (GDR)
Soviet troop deployments in 1990 in East Germany were as follows:
338,000 troops
208,000 civilian dependents
There were five land armies stationed at 276 bases
One air army was divided among 47 airfields with 690 aircraft and 680 helicopters
GROUND FORCES
The 24 Army Divisions had the following military equipment:
4,200 tanks
8200 armored vehicles
3,600 artillery pieces
106,000 motorized vehicles and trucks
180 rocket launchers
RUSSIAN WITHDRAWAL
The “Final Settlement” specified complete withdrawal from East Germany by September 1, 1994
Germany “contributed” $9 billion to barracks construction in Russia to house the relocated troop and moving expenses
