Scientific argument base on article

BIMM 101 Fall 2017 2016 UC San Diego

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Writing in Your Own Voice & Using Peer-Reviewed Litearture A typed copy of your assignment must be submitted to TritonEd by 11:59pm on Sunday October 15th. The assigment you submit should include answers to the questions/tasks

in the grey boxes below. 1. Full submission uploaded to TritonEd 2. Part 3 Version C submitted to Turnitin

When we write about information from other sources, such as journal articles, books, websites, it can sometimes be difficult to write in our own voice, for a variety of reasons. This exercise will help illustrate how to use others’ work appropriately and ethically, so that it’s always evident to your reader which ideas and writing are your own, and which you learned from your reading. Part 1: When writing we often have to look up sources of information. The best sources of information are those from peer-reviewed literature. That is, literature that has been reviewed by several other people representing an organizing body (e.g. a publishing company, journal editorial board). The job of the reviewers is, in part, to verify that the information presented seems true and is backed up by evidence (in the case of research articles).

The peer-reviewed literature typically comes in two flavors:

 Primary research papers that report original work that has never been done by anyone else before on studying a phenomenon or answering a question

 Secondary review articles that synthesize larger body of primary original work into a summary or framework to help readers understand the larger pictures of the field

News articles in the popular press or on blogs or websites are not peer reviewed, and they are considered tertiary sources.

Find the following article: While it is available on TritonEd, you should try and find it on Google Scholar or PubMed, a central repository at the National Center for Biotechnology Information. King et al., 2011. Fya/Fyb antigen polymorphism in human erythrocyte Duffy antigen affects susceptibility to Plasmodium vivax malaria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108: 477-487.

1. Who is/are the author(s)? Where do they work (or where did they work with respect to this research)? Put your answers in a table:

Author: Place of work:

2. What is typically the differnce in contribution to the published research

between between the primary author (first author listed) and the last listed author?

BIMM 101 Fall 2017 2016 UC San Diego

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Read the second paragraph of the introduction (begins with “P. falciparum demonstrates capacity to invade erythrocytes through multiple receptor pathways)

3. How many pieces of work are cited in this paragraph? 4. What does citation #8 tell the reader?

Part 2: Clarifying the rules regarding plagiarism Go to Indiana University’s plagiarism resource page: http://www.indiana.edu/~istd/examples.html There are 5 examples of “word for word” plagiarism, and 5 examples of “paraphrasing” plagiarism. Read all 10 examples carefully, and make sure you understand the explanations. Pay special attention to the “paraphrasing” plagiarism – the examples of properly citing ideas here without stealing phrasing from source papers is particularly relevant for writing scientific papers, because we usually don’t quote text directly. This is an important point: it is less common in science to write using quotes. In this course, and many other science courses, you are expected to NOT use quotes. You must write in your own voice, citing sources as necessary. From the site above, consider example #2. Here is a sample of non-plagriarized paraphrasing (ideas and informaiton captured and cited, but written in the writers own voice): There are a variety of theories on how people learn, and these theories differ in the ways they consider the role of experience in learning. Constructivism, for example, stipulates that learners form their own knowledge and understanding through experience, not through passive absorption of inforamtion provided (Heinich et al., 1999). Referneces: Heinich, R., Molenda, M., Russell, J. D., & Smaldino, S. E. (1999). Instructional media and technologies for learning. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

5. What is the difference between word-for-word and paraphrasing plagiarism?

Read the following pages: How to avoid plagiarism: http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/QPA_plagiarism.html

6. What is the difference bewtween information and ideas? What is considered common knoweldge?

7. Which of these (informaiton, ideas, common knowledge) need a cited source in our writing?

Review these websites:

How to write in your own words: http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/QPA_paraphrase2.html

*Disregard point #4: we avoid using quotes in scientific writing. How to cite:

http://www.scientificstyleandformat.org/Tools/SSF-Citation-Quick-Guide.html There are various ways to cite work and list references. You can use a style you prefer, but be sure to be consistent and ensure all the necessary information is included in the reference. One style is numerical citations in the text [1], and full source information in the references

BIMM 101 Fall 2017 2016 UC San Diego

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(note they have abbreviated the journal name, it is fine if you write the full journal name, which in this case would be American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology): [1] Sanders YY, Kumbla P, Hagood JS (2007). Enhanced Myofibroblastic Differentiation and Survival in Thy-1(-) Lung Fibroblasts. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 36: 226-235.

Part 3: Writing your own examples

From the King et al. 2011 paper, please read the abstract, introdcution (four paragraphs following the abstract), and examine the information below. Reference: King CL, Adams JH, Jia X, Grimberg BT, McHenry AM, Greenberg LJ, Siddiqui A, Howes RE, da Silva- Nunes M, Ferreira MU, Zimmerman PA. Fya/Fyb antigen polymorphism in human erythrocyte Duffy antigen affects susceptibility to Plasmodium vivax malaria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2011) 108: 477-487. “Results Fya/Fyb Polymorphism Affects Binding of PvDBPII to Erythrocytes. To examine whether human erythrocytes expressing Fya showed differential binding of recombinant PvDBPII compared with those expressing Fyb, we screened blood samples from a group of healthy North American volunteers. Using a PCR assay, individual Fy genotypes were established. Samples were assayed for degree of recombinant PvDBPII binding to red cells using flow cytometry.

Fig. 1. Relationship of FY genotype on binding to PvDBP. B) assessment of PvDBPII binding levels to erythrocytes from people differing by Duffy genotype.

BIMM 101 Fall 2017 2016 UC San Diego

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Fig. 4. Effect of FY genotype on the unadjusted annual incidence of clinical P. vivax (black bars) and P. falciparum malaria (striped bars). Incidence is expressed as mean number of clinical episodes per person-years of follow-up, Using a negative binomial analysis, the overall effect was highly significant, P < 0.001.

BIMM 101 Fall 2017 2016 UC San Diego

© do not copy or distribute without permission

Analyze Figure 1 and 4, and 5. Write a scientific argument to summarize what you can conclude based on these figures. Your argument should address the following research question: is there a relationship between Fy antigen genotype and malaria caused by P. vivax? You should address the relationshi8p between genotype and binding, infection, and the relationship between malaria and the geographical distribution of genotypes. Your argument should not be longer then about 300 to 350 words. Write your argument, in three versions:

Version A: This version of your paragraph should contain some form of “word for word” plagiarism of the excerpt. Version B: The second version of the paragraph should contain “paraphrasing” plagiarism of the excerpt. Version C: The third version should use the excerpt correctly, without any type of plagiarism. Paraphrase in your own words, don’t quote, the information you use from the excerpt.

Finally, below the version 1 and version 2 paragraphs, indicate what is wrong with them. You should frame what is wrong in the context of the integrity mission of UCSD (see syllabus for more detail) For version 3, you will submit it to turn-it-in (see below). What is the % similarity given in the originality report? (note this is in addition to including version 3 in your full assignment submission).

Submitting the assignment

Submit the full assignment with all the questions and all versions (A, B, C) answered in one PDF or word file on TritonEd.

Submit version C as a standalone submission in a separate file to Turnitin through TritonEd. This goes to the Turn-it-In platform, which will generate an originality report for you. Please look at the originality report and confirm for yourself that your work is original.