ASSIGNEMNTS
romeropepe96
3_Wk1_Quiz.docxQuestion 1 1 pts
DNA is what?
(Pick the most correct / comprehensive choice)
Group of answer choices
A polymer of deoxyribonucleic acids.
A molecule holding a genome.
A sequence of chemical bases.
A biopolymer of ribonucleic acids.
Flag question: Question 2
Question 2 1 pts
RNA is what?
(Pick the most correct / comprehensive choice)
Group of answer choices
A molecular representation of genes.
A polymer of ribonucleic acid.
The information encoded in a gene or virus
A polymer of deoxyribonucleic acids.
Flag question: Question 3
Question 3 1 pts
Protein is what?
(Pick the most correct / comprehensive choice)
Group of answer choices
The best representation of a gene
A sequence of gene instructions
A biomolecule like an enzyme, hormone, lipid, vitamin, etc
A polymer of amino acids
Flag question: Question 4
Question 4 1 pts
What is the central dogma of molecular biology? (remember this is about historical dogma, not necessarily reality as currently understood)
Group of answer choices
Proteins code RNA which codes DNA
Proteins are the work horses of the cell. DNA and RNA transmit information.
DNA is transcribed to RNA which is translated to protein
DNA, RNA, and proteins are all biological molecules critical to evolution.
Flag question: Question 5
Question 5 1 pts
What structure does DNA normally take and how is this maintained?
Group of answer choices
Double helix with ACGT bases ordered as required to encode genes.
Double helix, with complementary base-pairs stabilized by hydrogen bonds.
Sequence of nucleotide bases, arranged along a sugar-phosphate backbone.
It depends on cellular conditions so structure cannot be determined with certainty
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Question 6 1 pts
How does a DNA molecule encode information? In other words, what is it about a molecule of DNA that facilitates information storage?
Group of answer choices
The central dogma of molecular biology
RNA and protein interactions.
The double helix stabilizes sequence.
The sequence of bases.
Flag question: Question 7
Question 7 1 pts
How is DNA information reproduced from one molecule to the next? In other words, given one DNA molecule what allows for faithful transfer of the encoded message?
Group of answer choices
Each DNA strand sequence serves as a template for copying or transcribing information.
DNA is copied with slight modifications to facilitate evolution.
DNA information is reproduced (i.e. copied) during transcription and translation.
Enzymes ensure faithful reproduction of cellular DNA
Flag question: Question 8
Question 8 1 pts
Distinguish between genetic and physical coordinates
Group of answer choices
Genetic coordinates and physical coordinates are more or less the same, indicating positions on genomes.
Genetic coordinates and physical coordinates indicate the position of genes on chromosomes.
Genetic coordinates are derived from co-inheritance; Physical coordinates denote the actual number of bases in a sequence.
Physical coordinates are derived from co-inheritance; Genetic coordinates denote the actual number of bases in a sequence.
Flag question: Question 9
Question 9 1 pts
Approximately what fraction of the human genome encodes genes, and what fraction of this is encodes protein? Remember, genes often include both exons (i.e. protein coding) and introns (not protein coding) together.
Group of answer choices
Genes ~ 25%; Protein-coding ~ 25%
Genes ~ 2%; Protein-coding ~ 25%
Genes ~ 50%; Protein-coding ~ 25%
Genes ~ 25%; Protein-coding ~ 2%
Flag question: Question 10
Question 10 1 pts
Approximately what fraction of the human genome consists of repetitive DNA (i.e. non-unique) sequence? Approximately what fraction is Alu elements?
Group of answer choices
Nearly 90% repetitive sequence; Approximately 10% Alu elements.
Approximately 40% repetitive sequence; Approximately 4% Alu elements.
More than 50% repetitive sequence; Approximately 10% Alu elements.
All non-gene sequence is repetitive; Alu elements are about 10%
Flag question: Question 11
Question 11 4 pts
Briefly describe Sanger sequencing. Make sure to address these points: 1) Sample preparation. How many DNA molecules do you start with? 2) Chemistry. What is the basis for specific bases to be determined? 3) Readout mechanism. How do you get a sequence?
Note.
Feel free to use whatever sources you can find to answer.
Approximate numbers are fine.
Short, complete answers are best--quality not quantity is what matters!
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Flag question: Question 12
Question 12 4 pts
Define and relate these sequencing terms: Read, Contig, Scaffold, Assembly.
A Read refers to a base pair probability that corresponds to either single or the entire DNA fragment. DNA sequencing involves cutting the DNA fragment into many molecules that are then selected and ligated to adapters.
DNA assembly is a process that includes aligning and merging DNA fragments intending to reconstruct the original strand. The process continues until the original chromosome is constructed. In assembly, the short DNA fragments result in shotgun DNA sequencing; these are known as reads.
A contig refers to a long DNA strand that is assembled from several pieces. Matching and alignment the fragments construct the strand. The long-chain DNA is built by a process known as contig assembly.
A scaffold is a portion within the genome that has been built. Notably, this portion is made of contigs and gaps. Scaffolds are primarily used to create shorter DNA assemblies to make meaning of the constructed contigs.
