Urban Studies Paper 2 pages (double space)
changchangchang
3.UrbanRestructuring-DividedCity.ppt
Lecture 3:
Urban Restructuring
*
Questions during lecture
Omar Perez-Figueroa: [email protected]
Key Points
1. Decentralizing Urban Space
2. The Doomed City
3. Globalization and New Inequalities
5. Spatial Polarization
6. Walling Out the Other
*
Part 1. Decentralizing Urban Space
*
New York
Los Angeles
- Making a New Urban Environment
Transportation Innovation: Henry Ford and Making the Car Affordable
The City as a Highway
Decentralizing: Commerce. Industry, Residents
Decentralizing Urban Space
Beauregard 2006: 42
| 1890 | 1930 | 1950 | 1970 | 2000 | |
| Urbanization Rate | 36% | 56% | 60% | 72% | 80% |
| Metropolitan Population in Cities | 81% | 70% | 62% | 42% | 38% |
| Metropolitan Population in Suburbs | 19% | 30% | 38% | 58% | 62% |
*
The Great Divide: Middle Class (White) Suburbs / Working Class (Minority) City
Flight of Businesses
Flight of the Middle Class
Sharpening the Socioeconomic Divide
Representing the Scary City
Declining Government Support
The Doomed: 1970s-1980s
1. The Flight of Business
Ratios of Selected Outcomes for Central City and
Suburban Residents, 1960-1990
2. Flight of the Middle Class
| Outcome | 1960 | 1970 | 1980 | 1990 |
| Median income | .89 | .85 | .81 | .74 |
| Per capita income | NA | .92 | .88 | .84 |
| Family poverty rate | 1.52 | 1.75 | 2.08 | 2.35 |
| % employed, | 0.96 | 0.93 | 0.92 | .91 |
| Unemploy. Rate | 1.37 | 1.33 | 1.34 | 1.7 |
3. Sharpening the Socioeconomic Divide
1970
2000
3. Sharpening the Socioeconomic Divide
4. Representing the Doomed City: Scary, Distant, Other
4. Representing the Doomed City: Scary, Distant, Other
4. Representing the Doomed City: Scary, Distant, Other
- Old Strategy: Keynesianism – Growth by Spurring / Expanding Consumption (Demand Side Economics)
- New Strategy: Neoliberalism – Growth by Making Business Environments (Supply Side Economics)
Federal Cuts to Urban Programs
Reducing Minimum Wage, Unemployment, Job Training
Reducing Federal Subsidies to Cities
Federal Funds to Cities Cut … Except for State Prisons
5. Declining Government Support: Ceding Responsibility
(Eisinger 1997)
| Programs | 1981 | 1993 | Percentage Cut |
| Community Development Block Grant | $6.3 billion | $4 billion | -36.5% |
| Urban Development Action Grant | .6 | 0 | -100% |
| General Revenue Sharing | 8 | 0 | -100% |
| Mass Transit (rail, buses) | 6.9 | 3.5 | -49.3% |
| Assisted Housing | 26.8 | 8.9 | -66.8% |
| Clean Water Construction | 6.0 | 2.6 | -56.7% |
| State Prison Expenditure | 6.8 | 22 | +228% |
The Great Divide: Middle Class (White) Suburbs / Working Class (Minority) City
Flight of Businesses
Flight of the Middle Class
Sharpening the Socioeconomic Divide
Representing the Scary City
Declining Government Support
The Doomed: 1970s-1980s
Cycles of Inner Decline and Suburban Growth Growth
The Vicious Cycle of Decline in the Inner City
Declining Revenues
- Flight of Businesses and Middle Class = Decline in Property Values & Taxes
- Decline of Federal Subsidies
- Increasing Demand for Services
- Higher Concentration of Low Income People = Greater Demand for Services
- High Demand for Services + Low Tax Revenue = Poor Services & Higher Taxes
- Encouraging More People and Business to Leave the City > More Decline
- The Virtuous Cycle of Growth in Middle Class Suburbs
- Increasing Revenues
- Location of Businesses and Middle Class = Increase in Property Values
- Increase in Property Values = Increase in Tax Revenue
Decreasing Demand for Services
- Lower Concentration of Low Income People = Lower Demand for Services
- Low Demand for Services + High Tax Revenue = Great Services and Lower Taxes
3. Encouraging More People and Businesses to Leave the City > More Growth
The Doomed, Declining City: 1970s-1990s
Send questions
Omar Perez-Figueroa: [email protected]
Part III. Globalization and New Urban Inequalities
*
- The Return of the City?
- Wasn’t the city doomed to a space of misery, violence, and brutishness by 1997?
- The Puzzle: New Patterns of Economic Concentration and Population Growth
Escape from New York
Globalization and Urban Inequalities
*
- How to explain for this puzzle?
- Concentrating Management:
- Concentrating High End Services:
- Concentrating Cultural Economy
Globalization and Urban Inequalities
*
- An Archipelago of Prosperous Cities?
- Networked: Global Space of Flows
- Rich Regions (connected), Poor Regions (disconnected)
Globalization and Urban Inequalities
*
Map of top 100 global multinational corporate headquarters and their subsidiary networks, from Netscape: Cities and Global Corporate Networks
Globalization and Urban Inequalities
*
Use of Airline Data in Assessing the World City Network: Most important cities and links in the world city network., Urban Studies, 42 (13), (2005), 2371-2388
Globalization and Urban Inequalities
*
- An Archipelago of Prosperous Cities?
- The Fading Charm of Cities: Towards Global Landscapes of Urban Sameness…
Globalization and Urban Inequalities
*
Occupational Structure Before Globalization
Earnings and Job Growth in the Middle
Occupational Structure
After Globalization
TOP: Growth in Earnings and Jobs
MIDDLE: Decline in Earnings and Jobs
BOTTOM: Growth Jobs, Decline Earnings
Globalization and Urban Inequalities
*
Urban Inequalities: Downward Pressure on Wages
*
Urban Inequalities: Downward Pressure on Wages
*
Urban Inequalities: Downward Pressure on Wages
*
Urban Inequalities: Downward Pressure on Wages
*
Urban Inequalities: Downward Pressure on Wages
*
Urban Inequalities: Downward Pressure on Wages
*
Urban Inequalities: Downward Pressure on Wages
Urban Inequalities: Downward Pressure on Wages
*
Urban Inequalities: Downward Pressure on Wages
*
Urban Inequalities: Downward Pressure on Wages
*
Urban Inequalities: Downward Pressure on Wages
*
4. Spatial Inequalities
*
Five Zones of Wealth and Poverty
- Business Districts and Office Parks
- Gentrification
- Wealthy Suburbs
- Working Class, Minority Neighborhoods
- Spaces of Advanced Marginalization
*
Business Districts and Office Parks
http://www.newgeography.com/content/004234-new-central-business-district-employment-and-transit-commuting-data
*
Gentrification
*
Wealthy and Middle Class Suburbs
*
*
Minority, Working Class Neighborhoods
*
Spaces of Advanced Marginalization
*
Suburbanization
of Poverty
*
*
1970
2000
| Attributes | Gentrified City |
| Social Class | Wealthy, Upper Middle Class |
| Economic Resources | Jobs, amenities |
| Government Support | Strong local government |
| Nonprofit Institutions | Strong organizations |
| Social capital (networks) | Strong and productive |
| Political Culture | Democrat |
| Wealth and Middle Class Suburbs |
| Wealthy, Upper Middle Class |
| Jobs, amenities |
| Strong local government |
| Strong organizations |
| Strong and productive |
| Republican – Democrat |
| Working Class / Minority City |
| Working, lower middle class |
| Some jobs, low amenities |
| Weak government support |
| Medium organizations |
| Strong but insular: survival, not opportunities |
| Democrat, low voter turnout |
| Advanced Marginal City |
| High percentage of jobless poor |
| No jobs, no amenities |
| Weak support; Punitive |
| Fractured organization, declining |
| Fractured, low trust |
| Democrat, low voter turnout |
| Working Class Suburbs |
| Working poor/ lower middle class |
| Some jobs, low amenities |
| Weak government support |
| Medium organizations |
| Strong but insular: survival, not opportunities |
| Democrat, low voter turnout |
*
Question:
What kind of neighborhood were you raised in?
A. Gentrifying Neighborhood
B. Wealthy / Middle Class Suburban
C. Working Class Inner City
D. Working Class Suburb
E. Advanced Marginality
F. Rural Town
*
Discuss:
What are two advantages of your neighborhood for your upward mobility?
What are two disadvantages of your neighborhood?
*
Send questions
Omar Perez-Figueroa: [email protected]
5. Case Study of the Gated Communities for the Upper Middle Class
*
Central Question: Why do some middle class people like to live inside walls?
Basic Definitions and Trends
All fortified enclaves share some basic characteristics. They are private property for collective use, and they emphasize the value of what is private and restricted at the same time that they devalue what is public and open in the city. They are physically demarcated and isolated by wall, fences, empty spaces, and design devices. They are turned inward, away from the street, whose public life they explicitly reject…they belong not to their immediate surrounding but to largely invisible networks…Finally, the enclaves tend to be socially homogeneous environments…Fortified enclaves confer status. (Thereisa Caldeira, Walled Cities, 2000, 258)
Governed by Common Interest Development (CIDs)
Physical Form:
Trends
Basics
Demographics
Geography and Historical Trends
Escape the City: Gaiting Off the Urban Other
Historical Precedent: Post War Period
Intensifying Urban Fragmentation: 1980s Onwards
- Restructuring Urban Economy: Polarized Cities
- Demand: Restructuring Ideas and Social Ties
- Ideology: Blame Poor / Escape Responsibility
- Weakening Social Ties:
Decline in Obligation and Trust
Long for Community / Distrust Others
- The Culture of Fear
- Supply: Policing Social Boundaries with Architecture
- Making Safe Environments
- Crime Prevention through Environment Design
Escape the City: Gaiting Off the Urban Other
- Reinforcing Individual Fears of Others
Felicia: When I leave the area entirely and go downtown (little laugh), I feel quite threatened, just being out in normal urban areas, unrestricted urban areas … Please let me explain. The north central part of this city, by and large, is middle class to upper middle class. Period. There are very few pockets of poverty. Very few. And therefore if you go to any store, you will look around and most of the clientele will be middle class as you are yourself. So you are somewhat insulated. But if you go downtown, which is more mixed, where everybody goes, I feel much more threatened…
My daughter feels very threatened when she sees poor people….We were driving next to a truck with some day laborers, and we were parked next to them at the light. She wanted to move because she was afraid people were going to come and get her. They looked scary to her (in, Setha Low 2001: 54).
- Privatizing Public Resources: “Privatopia”
- Distrust for Others + Privatization of Public Resources > Urban Balkanization
Escape the City: Gaiting Off the Urban Other
Key Points
1. The Doomed City
2. Globalization
3. Bad Jobs and New Inequalities
4. Spatial Polarization
5. Walling Out the Other
*
