Feminist studies

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In imac : A Special I e

La en Be lan

"I didn' hink i o ld n o hi a " i he ec e epi aph of in imac . To in ima e i o comm nica e i h he pa e of ign and ge e , and a i oo in imac ha he ali of elo ence and b e i . B in imac al o in ol e an a pi a ion fo a na a i e abo ome hing ha ed, a o abo bo h one elf and o he ha ill n o in a pa ic la a . U - all , hi o i e i hin one of familia i and comfo : f iend hip, he co ple, and he famil fo m, anima ed b e p e i e and emancipa - ing kind of lo e. Ye he in a dne of he in ima e i me b a co e- ponding p blicne . People con en o hei de i e fo "a life" o in i ion of in imac ; and i i hoped ha he ela ion fo med i hin ho e f ame ill n o bea if ll , la ing o e he long d a ion, pe - hap ac o gene a ion .

Thi ie of "a life" ha nfold in ac i hin he in ima e phe e ep e e , of co e, ano he fac abo i : he na oidable o ble , he di ac ion and di p ion ha make hing n o in np edic ed cena io . Romance and f iend hip ine i abl mee he in abili ie of e - ali , mone , e pec a ion, and e ha ion, p od cing, a he e eme, mo al d ama of e angemen and be a al, along i h e ible pec- acle of neglec and iolence e en he e de i e, pe hap , end e . Since he ea l en ie h cen he e ong ambi alence i hin he in ima e phe e ha e been eco ded b p olife a ing fo m of he ape ic p blic- i . A p e en , in he U.S., he ap a a e he cene of in imac , f om

C i ical In i 24 (Win e 1998)

? 1998 b The Uni e i of Chicago. 0093-1896/98/2402-0001$02.00. All igh e e ed.

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282 La en Be lan In imac : A Special I e

p choanal i and el e- ep g o p o gi l alk, alk ho , and o he i ne ing gen e .

J i p dence ha al o aken on a he ape ic f nc ion in hi do- main, no abl a i adicall eca in e p e a ion of e pon ibili in ca e of ma i al and child ab e. B i i e al ha a men ha emain

he mo con o e ial of he e change . The eme gence of e al ha a - men la a a emed fo he n an ed e ali a ion of in i ional pace a kl ma k he amne ia a o nd hich de i e' op imi m and i hle ne con e ge. Again and again, e ee ho ha d i i o adj di- ca e he no m of a p blic o ld hen i i al o an in ima e one, e peciall he e he mi ed- p in men al and affec i e ela ion of collegiali a e conce ned.

The e ela ion be een de i e and he ap , hich ha e become in- e nal o he mode n, ma -media ed en e of in imac , ell ome hing el e abo i : in imac b ild o ld ; i c ea e pace and p place mean fo o he kind of ela ion. I po en ial fail e o abili e clo e- ne al a ha n i pe i en ac i i , making he e a achmen deemed o b e "a life" eem in a a e of con an if la en lne abil-

i . E en f om hi mall cl e of e ample and cene i become clea ha i all no one kno ho o do in imac ; ha e e one feel e pe abo i (a lea abo o he people' di a e ); and ha ma fa cina ion i h he agg e ion, incohe ence, lne abili , and ambi alence a he cene of de i e omeho e cala e he demand fo he adi ional p omi e of in ima e happine o be f lfilled in e e one' e e da life.

The in en i ie of he e m l iple domain indeed de igna e in imac a a pecial i e. Thi n mbe of C i ical In i ake on a a p oblem ho o a ic la e he a he opian, op imi m- aining e ion of in imac mee he no ma i e p ac ice , fan a ie , in i ion , and ideolo- gie ha o gani e people' o ld . The e a ga he ed he e, ho e ca e a e e man di cipline and domain , a idel in he c i ical and he o ical egi e in hich he ep e en he con in i ie and di con i- n i ie i hin he in ima e field, looking a hei pa ic la impac on he ca ego i a ion of e pe ience and bjec i i . The eek o nde - and he pedagogie ha enco age people o iden if ha ing a life i h ha ing an in ima e life. The ack he p oce e b hich in ima e li e ab o b and epel he he o ic , la , e hic , and ideologie of he hege- monic p blic phe e, b al o pe onali e he effec of he p blic phe e

La en Be lan , a coedi o of C i ical In i , eache Engli h a he Uni e i of Chicago. She i he a ho of The Q een of Ame ica Goe o Wa hing on Ci : E a on Se and Ci i en hip (1997) and The Ana om of Na- ional Fan a : Ha ho ne, U opia, and E e da Life (1991).

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C i ical In i Win e 1998 283

and ep od ce a fan a ha p i a e life i he eal in con a o collec i e life: he eal, he el e he e, he fallen, he i ele an . Ho can e hink abo he a a achmen make people p blic, p od cing an - pe onal iden i ie and bjec i i ie , hen ho e a achmen come f om i hin pace a a ied a ho e of dome ic in imac , a e polic , and ma -media ed e pe ience of in en el di p i e c i e ? And ha ha e he e fo ma i e enco n e o do i h he effec of o he , le in i ion-

ali ed e en , hich migh ake place on he ee , on he phone, in fan- a , a o k, b a el egi e a an hing b e id e? In imac name he enigma of hi ange of a achmen , and mo e; and i po e a e - ion of cale ha link he in abili of indi id al li e o he ajec o ie of he collec i e.

A ela ed aim of hi ef aming of in imac i h o engage and di able a p e alen U.S. di co e on he p ope ela ion be een p blic and p i a e, pace adi ionall a ocia ed i h he gende ed di i ion of labo . The e ca ego ie a e con ide ed b man chola o be a chaic fo ma ion , legacie of a Vic o ian fan a ha he o ld can be di ided in o a con ollable pace ( he p i a e-affec i e) and an ncon ollable one ( he p blic-in men al). Fan a , ho e e , ma nde de c ibe he con- in ing a ac ion of he a achmen o hi di i ion beca e he di co e o ld de c ibed b he p blic and he p i a e ha , hi o icall , o gani ed and j ified o he legall and con en ionall ba ed fo m of ocial di i- ion (male and female, o k and famil , coloni e and coloni ed, f iend and lo e , he e o and homo, " nma ked" pe onhood e acial-, e h- nic-, and cla -ma ked iden i ie ). A imple bo nda can e e be a e and make he o ld in elligible; he aken-fo -g an edne of pa ial a ono- mie like p blic and p i a e make hi cl e of a onomic a ocia ion in o fac i hin o dina bjec i i a ell. Thi chain of di a ocia ion p o ide one a of concei ing h o man in i ion no all a o- cia ed i h feeling can be ead a in i ion of in imac .

The e i a hi o o he ad en of in imac a a p blic mode of iden- ifica ion and elf-de elopmen , o hich I can all de onl b iefl he e. J i gen Habe ma ha a g ed ha he bo geoi idea of a p blic phe e elied on he eme gence of a mode of c i ical p blic di co e ha fo m - la ed and ep e en ed a p blic' in e e i hin ci il ocie again he a e.' The de elopmen of c i ical p blicne depended on he e pan- ion of cla -mi ed emifo mal in i ion like he alon and he caf6, ci c la ing p in media, and ind ial capi ali m; he no ion of he dem- oc a ic p blic phe e h made collec i e in imac a p blic and ocial ideal, one of f ndamen al poli ical in e e . Wi ho i he p blic' ole a c i ic co ld no be e abli hed.

1. See Ji gen Habe ma , The S c al T an fo ma ion of he P blic Sphe e: An In i in o a Ca ego of Bo geoi Socie , an . Thoma B ge and F ede ick La ence (Cam- b idge, Ma ., 1989).

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284 La en Be lan In imac : A Special I e

Pe on e e o be p epa ed fo hei c i ical ocial f nc ion in ha Habe ma call he in ima e phe e of dome ici , he e he o ld lea n ( a , f om no el and ne pape ) o e pe ience hei in e nal li e hea icall , a ho gh o ien ed o a d an a dience. Thi i o a ha libe al ocie a fo nded on he mig a ion of in imac e pec a ion be een he p blic and he dome ic. B if he eme gence and e pan- ion of in i ion ha gene a ed an in imac in hich people pa ici- pa ed ac i el e e een o be c cial o he democ a ic poli , in i ion ha p od ced collec i e e pe ience, like cinema and o he en e ain- men fo m , came o mi he c i ical demand of democ a ic c l e i h he de i e fo en e ainmen aken fo plea e. Since he non a- ional and nonin i ionall inde ed a pec of he in ima e had been ( heo e icall ) bani hed f om legi ima e democ a ic p blicne , plea e- kno ledge c ea e p oblem fo he no ional a ionali i h hich col- lec i e c i ical con cio ne i ppo ed o p oceed. Thi de elopmen , along i h he e pan ion of mino i i ed p blic ha e i o a e denied ni e ali collec i e in imac e pec a ion , ha m ch complica ed he po ibili of (and e en he e hic of he de i e fo ) a gene al ma - c i ical p blic phe e deemed o be c l all and poli icall in ima e i h i elf.2

Fo in imac efe o mo e han ha hich ake place i hin he p ie of in i ion , he a e, and an ideal of p blicne . Wha if e a i eme ge f om m ch mo e mobile p oce e of a achmen ? While he fan a ie a ocia ed i h in imac all end p occ p ing he pace of con en ion, in p ac ice he d i e o a d i i a kind of ild hing ha i no nece a il o gani ed ha a , o an a .3 I can be po able, na - ached o a conc e e pace: a d i e ha c ea e pace a o nd i h o gh p ac ice . The kind of connec ion ha impac on people, and on hich he depend fo li ing (if no "a life"), do no al a e pec he p edic - able fo m : na ion and ci i en , ch che and he fai hf l, o ke a o k, i e and eade , memo i e of ong , people ho alk dog o im a he ame ime each da , fe i hi and hei objec , eache and den , e ial lo e , po lo e , li ene o oice ho e plain hing manageabl (on he adio, a confe ence , on ele i ion c een ,

2. See O ka Neg and Ale ande Kl ge, P blic Sphe e and E pe ience: To a d an Anal i of he Bo geoi and P ole a ian P blic Sphe e, an . Pe e Laban l, Jamie Daniel, and A enka Ok iloff (Minneapoli , 1993). See al o Mi iam Han en, fo a d o Neg and Kl ge, P blic Sphe e and E pe ience, pp. i - li and Babel and Bab lon: Spec a o hip in Ame ican Silen Film (Camb idge, Ma ., 1991). Fo a po e f l medi a ion on he con adic ion be een he ncon cio d i e o a d omnipo ence and he p ojec of democ ac , ee Joel Whi ebook, Pe e ion and U opia: A S d in P choanal i and C i ical Theo (Camb idge, Ma ., 1995).

3. Fo ca l ' o k on ecogni ing he m l iplici of ela ion engende ed a e e momen b e ali ha been cen al o hi p ojec . See, fo e ample, Michel Fo ca l , "F iend hip a a Wa of Life" and "Se , Po e , and he Poli ic of Iden i ," in E hic : S bjec- i i and T h, ed. Pa l Rabino (Ne Yo k, 1997), pp. 135-40, 163-73.

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C i ical In i Win e 1998 285

on line, in he ap ), fan and celeb i ie -I (o o ) co ld go on.4 The e pace a e p od ced ela ionall ; people and/in in i ion can e n epea edl o hem and p od ce ome hing, ho gh f e en l no hi o in i o dina , memo able, o alo i ed en e, and no al a " ome- hing" of po i i e al e.5

In imac een in hi p eading a doe gene a e an ae he ic, an ae he ic of a achmen , b no ine i able fo m o feeling a e a ached o i .6 Thi i he e no ma i e ideologie come in, hen ce ain "e p e - i e" ela ion a e p omo ed ac o p blic and p i a e domain -lo e, comm ni , pa io i m- hile o he ela ion , mo i a ed, a , b he "ap- pe i e ," a e di c edi ed o impl neglec ed. Con adic o de i e ma k he in imac of dail life: people an o be bo h o e helmed and om- nipo en , ca ing and agg e i e, kno n and incogni o. The e pola ene - gie ge pla ed o in he in ima e one of e e da life and can be ecogni ed in p choanal i , e mainl he a e een no a in imac b a a dange o i . Like i e, de i e fo in imac ha b pa he co ple o he life na a i e i gene a e ha e no al e na i e plo , le alone fe la and able pace of c l e in hich o cla if and o c l i a e hem. Wha happen o he ene g of a achmen hen i ha no de igna ed place?7' To he glance , ge e , enco n e , collabo a ion , o fan a ie ha ha e no canon? A i h mino li e a e , mino in imacie ha e been fo ced o de elop ae he ic of he e eme o p h he e pace in o being b a of mall and g and ge e ;8 he i h fo no malc e e he e hea d he e da , oiced b mino i i ed bjec , of en e - p e e a i h no o ha e o p h o ha d in o de o ha e "a life." To

4. Man of he e ho gh abo he ci c la ion of in imac h o gh o ie and en- co n e ha ha e impac eme ged in con e a ion i h Ka ie S e a . See Ka hleen S e - a , A Space on he Side of he Road: C l al Poe ic in an "O he "Ame ica (P ince on, N.J., 1996).

5. On he an fo ma ional po ibili ie of he ome hing ha hold a place open fo nfo e een change , ee La en Be lan , "'68, o Some hing," C i ical In i 21 (Fall 1994): 124-55. Fo mo e on ome official and pop la con e of con empo a U.S. in imac poli ic , ee Be lan , The Q een of Ame ica Goe o Wa hing on Ci : E a on Se and Ci i en hip (D ham, N.C., 1997) and "Femini m and he In i ion of In imac ," in The Poli ic of Re ea ch, ed. E. Ann Kaplan and Geo ge Le ine (Ne B n ick, N.J., 1997), pp. 143-61.

6. I ha e lea ned o hink abo he an ifo mali endencie of he in ima e f om

eading Jac eline Ro e, ho e o k ince Se ali in he Field of Vi ion (London, 1986) ha e plo ed he ne en ci c la ion of de i e h o gh lang age in man domain -cinema, e ali , p choanal i , li e a e, famil , and na ion . She ho ho he ling i ic in a- bili in hich fan a i co ched lead o an ine i able fail e o abili e de i e in iden i , a co n e ailing de i e b domina ing c e o di a o o demoni e ha in abili , and, none hele , he ongoing ca ee of de i e ha p he apa he e f ame ha o ga- ni e i . See e peciall Ro e, The Ha n ing of S l ia Pla h (Camb idge, Ma ., 1991) and S a e of Fan a (Ne Yo k, 1996).

7. Fo an elabo a e an e o hi e ion, ee E e Ko of k Sedg ick, "A Poem I Being W i en," Tendencie (D ham, 1993), pp. 177-214.

8. See Gille Dele e and Feli G a a i, "Wha I a Mino Li e a e?" an . Dana

Polan, in O The e: Ma ginali a ion and Con empo a C l e , ed. R ell Fe g on e al. (Camb idge, Ma ., 1990), pp. 59-69. See al o Be lan , "'68, o Some hing."

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286 La en Be lan In imac : A Special I e

li e a if h ea ening con e a e me el el e he e migh ell ne ali e he gho l image of one' o n ocial nega i i ; and he con an ene g of p blic elf-p o ec i ene can be blima ed in o pe onal ela ion of pa ion, ca e, and good in en ion.9 The e a e good ea on fo hi a pi- a ion. Dome ic p i ac can feel like a con ollable pace, a o ld of po- en ial nconflic edne (e en fo fi e min e a da ): a o ld b il fo o . I ma eem of a manageable cale and pacing; a be , i make i ible he effec of one' agenc , con cio ne , and in en ion. Thi lead o ano he ea on he co ple fo m and i pinoff o effec i el iphon off c i ical ho gh abo he pe onal and he poli ical: o ef e he ma a ional na a i e of "a life" o ld e i e a conf on a ion i h an- o he idea, ha ocial fo ce and p oblem of li ing ha eem no abo he p i a e " o " a e, none hele , cen al o he hape of o o .'0

I lea ned o hink abo he e e ion in he con e of femini / ee pedagog ; and ho man ime ha e I a ked m o n den o e plain h , hen he e a e o man people, onl one plo co n a "life" (fi come lo e, hen ... )? Tho e ho don' o can' find hei a in ha o - he ee , he ingle, he ome hing el e-can become o ea il nimaginable, e en of en o hem el e . Ye i i ha d no o ee l ing abo e e he e he de i and he amp a ion ha come f om a emp o fi in o he fold; mean hile, a lo of o ld-b ilding ene g a ophie . Re hinking in imac call o no onl fo ede c ip ion b fo an fo ma i e anal e of he he o ical and ma e ial condi ion ha enable hegemonic fan a ie o h i e in he mind and on he bodie of bjec hile, a he ame ime, a achmen a e de eloping ha migh edi ec he diffe en o e aken b hi o and biog aph . To e hink in imac i o app ai e ho e ha e been and ho e li e and ho e migh imagine li e ha make mo e en e han he one o man a e li ing.

Fo in imac onl a el make en e of hing . People alk abo he de i e fo i and he fea of i , b i he "i " impl commi men ? In i in an ia ion a de i e, i de abili e he e hing ha in i ion of in imac a e c ea ed o abili e; and people a e con an l p i ed abo hi . Thi ba ic di a o al i ppo ed b he cen ali of in ima- ion o in imac . Con en ionall , in i e p e ion h o gh lang age, in i- mac elie hea il on he hif ing egi e of n poken ambi alence. I i in e fe ed i h b me adi co e ( ela ion hip alk) and p efe he calm of in e nal p e e, he aken-fo -g an edne of he feeling ha

9. Fo a ong eading of he a " he e ima e" ( he ejec ed, p ojec ed o b ne e f ll lo objec of elf-iden i ) can ake on na a i e hape and in en i , ee Joan Copjec, Read M De i e: Lacan again he Hi o ici (Camb idge, Ma ., 1995), pp. 117-39.

10. Fo a mode of ocial heo ha he o icall and anal icall link he po ibili of conc e e j ice o a adical nde anding of he a people a e poli icall (di )po - e ed b o ie , ee Pa icia J. William , The Alchem of Race and Righ : Dia of a La P ofe - o (Camb idge, Ma ., 1991).

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C i ical In i Win e 1998 287

he e o ld be a flo ing ei e a ion he e he in ima e i . Th hen f iend o lo e an o alk abo " he ela ion hip"; hen ci i en feel ha he na ion' con en ed- o ali ie a e hif ing a a ; hen ne ead- e o ho of ele i ion ho bo o of hei ag eemen o eca he o ld in comfo ing a ; hen people of appa en l diffe en ace and cla e find hem el e in lo , c o ded ele a o ; o hen den and anal and feel ddenl mi f l of he con e in o hich he ha e en e ed in o de o change, b no a ma icall , in imac e eal i elf o be a ela ion a ocia ed i h aci fan a ie , aci le , and aci obliga- ion o emain np oblema ic. We no ice i hen ome hing abo i ake on a cha ge, o ha he in imac become ome hing el e, an "i - e"- ome hing ha e i e anal ic elo ence. I become ha de o ee he p e mp ion o e en he de i e fo able aci ne i elf a a p ob- lem ha ep od ce panic in he in ima e field.

The e c i e a e no j pe onal. When a e , pop la ion , o pe - on en e ha hei defini ion of he eal i nde h ea ; hen he no ma i e ela be een pe onal and collec i e e hic become f a ed and e po ed; and hen adi ional i e of plea e and p ofi eem o ge " aken a a " b he poli ical ac ion of bo dina ed g o p , a en e of an ie ill be pe a i el fel abo ho o de e mine e pon ibili fo he di p ion of hegemonic comfo . Thi nea e n e le ocial and poli ical ela ion be een, i hin, and among man people, na ion , and pop la ion , e peciall fo me l o e eign one . Va io kind of ha e c ime, bi e ne , and "comedic" a i e f e en l en e.

In pa ic la , ac o he globe challenge o he p blic/p i a e a on- om f om femini , an ihomophobic, an i aci , and an ipo e mo e- men ha e been e pe ienced a an i p ion of he mo ac ed and a ional fo m of in ima e in elligibili , a cancelling o of indi id al and collec i e de inie , an impedimen o na a i i and he f e i elf. Wha kind of (collec i e, pe onal) a ho i , e pe i e, en ailmen , and memo can be ppo ed, and ha kind of (collec i e, pe onal) f e can be imagined if, fo e ample, e ali i no longe bo nd o i na a- i e, doe no lead o abili ing ome hing, ome hing in i ional (like pa ia chal familie o o he kind of ep od c ion ha p op p he f - e of pe on and na ion ); if ci i en and o ke a e no longe c ea ed b familie and he in i ion of loco pa en i , namel , chool and eli- gion ; if (beca e of AIDS, globall high mo ali a e among na ional mino i ie , en i onmen al o in , i len an na ional e ploi a ion, on- going mili a and a a ion genocide , and o he ongoing o ce of de c ion) a gene a ion i no longe defined b p oc ea ional ch onol- og , b ma ked b a ma and dea h? The immediac of a ma i al- a en al, b i i a likel o be a ma -media ed e en , an e en of hea a and po fac o i ne ing, a i i o be a di ec blo o he bod ; and e can ee f om a ma' c en p e alence a an occa ion fo e i- mon ho hocking i i hen an in ima e ela ion i anima ed b hee

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288 La en Be lan In imac : A Special I e

de a a ion. In imac a ppo ed o be abo op imi m, emembe ? B i i al o fo med a o nd h ea o he image of he o ld i eek o ain.

Thi pecial i e eek o f he ongoing con e a ion in he h - mani ie and h mani ic ocial cience abo he mode of a achmen

ha make pe on p blic and collec i e and ha make collec i e cene in ima e pace . The e a o follo begin o ca alog ome of in imac ' no m , fo m , and c ime : ho p blic in i ion e i e of in ima e life o no mali e pa ic la fo m of kno ledge and p ac ice and o c ea e complian bjec (Poo e , G a on, Po inelli, Wa ne and Be lan ); ho di co e of e al ffe ing o a ma ha e o magne i ed c i e in a hole e of ela ed field ha o ie of he in ima e ha e become in epa- able f om, fo e ample, o ie abo ci i en hip, capi ali m, ae he ic fo m , poli ical iolence, and he i ing of hi o (Hancha d, Bo m, He og, Kipni , Poo e , Vogle , Po inelli, Wa ne and Be lan ); ho people become p i ed b he a o dina e change become in en i- fied pe fo mance of m ali and g o nded b he cen ali of i al- i ed lang age fo in imac (Sedg ick, Feld, Vogle , Kipni ); ho memo o k o c ea e po able cene ha emind one of pa in imacie and pe fo m hei ange eappea ance in n al pace (Bo m, He og, Po inelli, Sedg ick, Feld) and al one (Sn de and Le in k ).

The o k of hi " pecial i e" i no fini hed, no b a long ho . The ici i de of edi ing and deadline lea e me longing fo mo e ca e , mo e na a i e , mo e a emp o b ing o e p e ion he a a ach- men make o ld and o ld-changing fan a ie , b ibe people o li e ha ho ld be nli able ela ion of domina ion and iolence, and o on. The e i nei he p choanal icall ba ed e plo a ion in hi i e, no o k on cinema, ele i ion, li e a e, o le globali ed media, like amp o ine ; and i gene al p e en ne and foc on no ma i i gge o he place ha f e o k migh go. B I ho ld op he e. In od c ion a e cap ion o he image a e make , and like Joel Sn - de , ho c a ed La a Le in k ' pho o b an ed o cap ion hem onl minimall , I an ed o cha he p ojec fo o i ho o e in e - p e ing he o k ha follo . In an ca e, le me hank m ha d- o king a ho and p od ce he e; he edi o on he ma head ho e ie ed man e a i h me; he f iend , a ho , and colleag e ho ead he in od c ion (Bill B o n, La a Kipni , Be h Po inelli, Roge Ro e, Ka- ie S e a , Candace Vogle , Michael Wa ne , Li a Wedeen); and Ja Wil- liam , Ae on H n , Jennife Pe e on, Za ena A lami, and Neda Ulab , ho did he ha d edi o ial o k of ac all p ing he i e oge he . Thank al o o Allan Sek la fo pe mi ion o e hi image on he co e . Finall , ho ld an eade be in e e ed in bmi ing o CI o k ela ed o hi in imac p ojec , he ho ld flag i a ch. Then, pe hap , e can look fo a d o cl e of in imac in f e i e .

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