Civil engineering exam help
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23029_602133_CE6012Firstsit2016.docx
Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing
Undergraduate Modular Scheme
April/May Examinations 2015/2016
Level 6
|
MODULE: CE6012: Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment
DURATION: Three Hours |
Instructions to Candidates
This paper contains EIGHT questions in TWO sections: Section A and Section B
Answer FIVE questions only.
Section A: Answer TWO questions
Section B: Answer TWO questions
And Answer ONE further question from Either Section A
or Section B
All questions carry equal marks. All stages of calculation must be shown. Marks are awarded for the calculation procedure used and for clearly showing the steps in the calculations process.
CANDIDATES ARE PERMITTED TO BRING ONE APPROVED CALCULATOR INTO THIS EXAMINATION: from either Casio FX83 or Casio FX85 series (with any suffix), FX115MS, FX570ES or FX991ES
Invigilators are under instruction to remove any other calculators
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Stationery |
Pink Answer Books Graph paper |
|
Attached |
Highways & Traffic Formula Booklet for Exam Formula Sheet for Q2 Formula Sheet for Q3 Table Q5 Table Q7 |
Number of Pages: 1 – 10
Including Figures and Tables
10
0
SECTION A
1.
(a) Currently, researchers are looking at the water sector using new concepts such as “Virtual Water” and the “Water-Food-Energy Nexus”.
You have been asked to prepare a brief report looking at the water sector in terms of technical, environmental, socio-economic, institutional, regulatory and operational issues.
Your report however should cover only either (i) or (ii):
(i) What are the Virtual Water and Water Footprint concepts? What are their advantages and disadvantages? Use any relevant case studies to back up your argument.
(ii) What is the Water-Food-Energy Nexus (sometimes known as the Water-Energy-Land Nexus)? What are the advantages and disadvantages of using this approach? Use any relevant case studies to back up your argument.
(10 marks)
(b) Explain the following terms and processes that are used in water treatment engineering:
1. Turbidity.
1. Coagulation.
1. Flocculation.
1. Sedimentation.
(10 marks)
Continued....
2.
(a) You are responsible for designing a waste stabilisation pond system to treat an average flow of 30,000 m3/day of wastewater which has an incoming BOD5 of 450 mg/l. The design temperature is 22 °C and the net evaporation rate is 6.0 mm/day. Assume seepage is zero in this case. A formula sheet follows this question.
Calculate the following:
i) Volumetric loading on the anaerobic pond.
(1 mark)
ii) Volume for the anaerobic pond.
(1 mark)
iii) Retention time for the anaerobic pond.
(1 mark)
iv) Percentage BOD removal on the anaerobic pond.
(1 mark)
v) Surface loading rate for the facultative pond.
(1 mark)
vi) Surface area for the facultative pond.
(1 mark)
vii) Retention time for the facultative pond.
(1 mark)
viii) The flow out of the facultative pond.
(1 mark)
(b) Explain all of the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Give examples of each type.
(2 marks)
(c) Describe each of the following organism types and name a variety of this organism:
i) Fungi.
ii) Virus.
iii) Protozoa.
(3 marks)
(d) Draw and annotate a typical bacterial growth curve. Write a short description of each of the four phases.
(4 marks)
(e) Briefly describe each of the following types of microorganism and what type of environment they like best:
i) Aerobe.
ii) Anaerobe.
iii) Facultative bacteria.
(3 marks)
FORMULA SHEET for Q2
For the temp. range 20 to 25°C
% BOD removal
*****
Continued....
3.
(a) Describe the advantages of using a SUDs system over a conventional drainage system? Illustrate your points by giving several examples of commonly used SUDs technologies.
(10 marks)
(b) The following test results were obtained for a wastewater sample. All of the tests were performed using a sample size of 85 ml. A formula sheet follows this question.
Determine the concentration of total solids, total volatile solids, suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, total dissolved solids, and total volatile dissolved solids.
The samples used in the solids analyses were all either evapourated, dried or ignited to constant weight.
Tare mass of evapourating dish,
W1 = 150.4555 g
Mass of evapourating dish plus residue after evapouration at 105 °C,
W2 = 150.4971 g
Mass of evapourating dish plus residue after ignition at 550 °C,
W3 = 150.4678 g
Tare mass of Whatman GF/C filter after drying at 105 °C,
W4 = 2.5680 g
Mass of Whatman GF/C filter and residue after drying at 105 °C,
W5 = 2.6010 g
Mass of Whatman GF/C filter and residue after ignition at 550 °C,
W6 = 2.5775 g
(6 marks)
(c) The following information is available for a seeded 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) test conducted on a wastewater sample. 40 mL of the waste sample was added directly into a 700 mL BOD5 incubation bottle. The initial dissolved oxygen (DO) of the diluted sample was 9 mg/L and the final DO after 5 days was 2 mg/L. The corresponding initial and final DO of the seeded dilution water was 9 and 8 mg/L respectively. What is the BOD5 of the wastewater sample?
(4 marks)
FORMULA SHEET for Q3
*****
Continued....
4.
(a) Outline the problems of air pollution in urban areas in the 21st century. Include a description of the criteria pollutants, their significance to creating pollution and their main sources.
(10 marks)
(b) Write about construction waste management in the UK. Include in your answer reference to site waste management plans and the hierarchy of waste.
(10 marks)
Continued....
SECTION B
5.
A UK Highways authority plans to upgrade an existing single carriageway to a dual carriageway. The construction period is 2 years and the economic life of the scheme is 10 years from the completion date. The benefits to users accrue starting from the third year. The tangible benefits are: travel time savings, accident cost savings and vehicle operating cost reduction. Construction costs are incurred during the construction period but ongoing maintenance costs are allowed for throughout the economic life of the scheme. The following data and formulae are assumed:
Accident rates on existing road A1= 0.85 per million vehicle-kilometres
Accident rates on upgraded road A2= 0.25 per million vehicle-kilometres
Average accident cost Ac= £10,000
Average vehicle time savings Ts= £2.00 per hour
Average vehicle speeds on existing road V1= 40 km/h
Average vehicle speeds on upgraded road V2= 85 km/h
Average vehicle operating cost (£ per km) =
(Units: V = km/h)
Table Q5 shows the traffic flows and costs during the economic life of the scheme.
|
Year (n) |
Projected traffic flow, fn (million vehicle km per year) |
Construction cost Cn (£) |
Operating cost Pn (£) |
|
1 |
- |
18 000 000 |
- |
|
2 |
- |
18 000 000 |
- |
|
3 |
270 |
- |
600 000 |
|
4 |
280 |
- |
600 000 |
|
5 |
290 |
- |
600 000 |
|
6 |
300 |
- |
600 000 |
|
7 |
310 |
- |
600 000 |
|
8 |
320 |
- |
600 000 |
|
9 |
330 |
- |
600 000 |
|
10 |
340 |
- |
600 000 |
|
11 |
350 |
- |
600 000 |
|
12 |
360 |
- |
600 000 |
Table Q5
(a) Using a discount rate r=6% calculate the discounted benefits and costs for each of the years n=1 to 12 and show them on a Table. [Note: Discounted value for nth year = value divided by (1+r)n]. (17 marks)
(b) Determine the net present value (NPV) and the benefit-cost ratio and hence comment on the economic viability of the proposed scheme. (3 marks)
Continued....
6.
(a) Explain the meaning of the term “inter-green period” and suggest THREE factors which should be considered when selecting the inter-green period for particular stages of a signal cycle.
(5marks)
(b) The inter-green period for a certain 2-phase traffic signal is 7 seconds.
Calculate and show on a phase diagram, the time between the last
possible vehicle crossing the stop line at the end of the right of way
period for phase 1 and the first possible vehicle crossing the stop line
at commencement of green in phase 2.
(5 marks)
(c) The following hourly traffic flow volumes have been measured on an
unopposed non-nearside lane of 3.8 m width at an approach where the
radius of curvature of the path of turning vehicles is 30 m:
Passenger cars = 400
Medium commercial vehicles = 80
Buses = 8
Motor cycles = 10
The equivalent pcu for the above vehicle types are 1, 1.5, 2, 0.4 respectively.
The proportion of turning vehicles is 20%, the approach gradient being
0.5% and uphill. With a cycle time of 90 s the approach is just able to
pass all the traffic. Determine the effective green time using the above
data and the formulae\tables provided in the Highways & Traffic Formula Booklet accompanying this exam paper.
(10 marks)
Continued.....
7.
A transport assessment is to be carried out for zones A to D and as part of the origin destination matrix for the future year. The origin destination matrix for the current year and the total future trips are given in Table Q7.
(a) Using the Furness method carry out 4 iterations to determine the matrix for the future year.
|
Origin/Dest |
A |
B |
C |
D |
|
Future |
|
A |
0 |
845 |
589 |
985 |
|
2905 |
|
B |
627 |
0 |
934 |
865 |
|
2750 |
|
C |
598 |
798 |
0 |
778 |
|
2540 |
|
D |
756 |
759 |
608 |
0 |
|
2330 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Future |
2404 |
2870 |
2589 |
2662 |
|
|
Table Q7
(14 marks)
(b) Explain briefly the sequence of transport models required to prepare a Transport Assessment. Describe the 3 stages leading to the Traffic assignment of the transport demand model.
(6 marks)
Continued.....
8.
The traffic flow on a motorway in 2010 was measured as 3515 vehicles/h, of which 72% were cars, 15% were LGVs and 13% were articulated vehicles.
(a) Assuming “high” growth, forecast the total traffic and the percentage of articulated vehicles in the year 2025. Use the transportation planning data in the Highways & Traffic Formula Booklet accompanying this exam paper.
(14 marks)
(b) Explain the principle of the moving observer method to measure the parameters of a traffic stream.
(6 marks)
End of Examination Paper
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