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22.docxSocial Science 316. Race and Racism
Exam #2
Winter, 2019
Please answer all questions on this exam. (2 points each, 100 points total)
1 In southern Iran and elsewhere,
A) rigid systems always keep individuals in the same class, caste, and ethnic group.
* B) some individuals will change ethnic group by changing their ethnic markers.
C) nomads always have higher status than settled people.
D) None of the above is true.
2 At present in the U.S., laws restrict interracial marriage
A) in most states.
B) in about one-third of the states.
C) only in Mississippi.
* D) in no states.
3 In the past in the U.S. (especially before World War II), laws restricted interracial marriage
* A) in most states.
B) only in Alabama.
C) only in Mississippi.
D) in no states.
4 In the 1980s, the African National Congress was a political party/activist group in South Africa that
worked for equal legal and political rights for Blacks. Many South African Blacks joined this group in an attempt to better their collective lives. This is an example of
A) social cloning.
* B) an associative social relationship.
C) a communal social relationship.
D) an uxorilocal social relationship.
5 As discussed in class and supported by abundant research, negative stereotypes
* A) usually instill feelings of inferiority or doubt among those stereotyped.
B) usually create guilt feelings among those doing the stereotyping.
C) are always based on some bit of truth.
D) allow you to see depth in a photograph.
6 Which of the following is not a common reason (as discussed in class) for interracial marriage?
A) to improve social or economic status
B) personal attraction
C) to allow marriage when an ethnic group has an unbalanced sex ratio
* D) A, B, and C all are common reasons.
E) Neither A nor B nor C is a common reason.
7 To cope with the complexity of the world, human beings routinely resort to
A) revolutions.
* B) stereotypes.
C) miscegenation.
D) all of the above.
8 Which of the following is an example of female hypergamy?
A) A woman rushes into a burning building to save an endangered child.
* B) In modern America, a Black woman is more likely to marry a White man than the reverse (a White woman marrying a Black man)
C) Women are more likely to use ethnic slurs than men.
D) Women show more empathy toward the unfortunate than do men.
9 An elderly Portuguese fisherman in northern California states that he would never move out of his
Portuguese neighborhood because all his friends are there, he can speak Portuguese to almost anybody, and he gets to eat caldo verde and other Portuguese foods anytime he wants. He is expressing a belief that his tie to that community is based on
* A) the communal social relationship.
B) the associative social relationship.
C) ideological exclusivity.
D) the parietal social relationship.
10 According to Harry Kitano, as discussed in class, which of the following factors will encourage
acculturation/assimilation of an immigrant ethnic group?
* A) migration as isolated individuals
B) stiff resistance to and discrimination against the immigrants on the part of the dominant ethnic
group
C) cultural values that favor the retention of traditional ways, rather than conformity with the
community
D) All of the above are true – they all encourage acculturation.
E) None of the above is true – they all discourage acculturation.
11 For years, the Ku Klux Klan has maintained that races are naturally unequal and that it is degrading for members of superior races (White) to have friendships or marriages with members of inferior races (all others). This is an example of
A) the communal social relationship.
B) the associative social relationship.
* C) ideological exclusivity.
D) the parietal social relationship.
12 Which of the following is not an ethnic marker?
A) a yarmulke (skullcap) on a male Russian Jew
B) a kilt (plaid skirt-like clothing) on a Scottish man
C) epicanthic folds on the eyes of a Vietnamese woman
* D) a large diamond ring on the finger of a rich London banker
E) All are ethnic markers.
13 The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis argues that
* A) the words or labels of a language shape our habitual concepts and categories.
B) revolutions occur when expectations improve faster than reality.
C) before the age of 8 years, children have poor powers of differentiation.
D) a child is assigned to the race of the parent with the lower status.
14 Castes
A) exist only in India.
B) are essentially the same as classes.
* C) are often marked by recognizable physical characteristics.
D) permit everyone to rise socially and economically over their lifetimes.
15 In America, as in many other places, a child with parents of different races traditionally has usually
been considered
A) a member of the mother’s race.
B) a member of the father’s race.
C) a member of whichever parent’s race has the higher status.
* D) a member of whichever parent’s race has the lower status.
16 Which of the following is an example of acculturation?
* A) a Cambodian immigrant to the US learns English and speaks it all the time, at home and outside
B) a “wild boy” is raised in the wilderness by wolves and survives to adulthood, but with no culture
C) a Sicilian immigrant in 1921 scores low on an IQ test for cultural reasons
D) a researcher at Miskatonic University succeeds in devising a culture-free intelligence test
17 Which of the following is typically true of everyday racial classifications?
A) The classifier usually subdivides his/her own race into finer divisions.
B) Both physical-biological and cultural-behavioral characteristics are attributed to different races.
C) Races with which the classifier has had limited experience often will be described vaguely.
* D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.
18 Stereotypes can lead to racial discrimination (behavior based on racial identity) because
A) it is impossible to break out of “habitual grooves of thought.”
* B) they imply that all members of a group share the same characteristics, and those characteristics
can be used in judging that group.
C) stereotypes always lead to wrong conclusions.
D) All of the above are true.
19 According to the discussion in class, it sometimes aids understanding to think of races as castes in
modern America. True or false?
* A) true
B) false
20 Are all people on earth today of the same species?
* A) yes
B) no
21 In race relations, “passing” means
A) marrying someone of significantly lighter skin than yourself.
B) rejecting a stereotype about yourself.
C) rejecting a stereotype about others.
* D) assuming a role and being accepted as a member of a race or ethnic group into which you were
not born.
22 Members of a race (social definition) or ethnic group often share a subjective feeling of similarity
based on common culture. Most social scientists believe this feeling is
A) the sole reason why people of the same race or ethnic group often interact with one another.
* B) one of two or three reasons why people of the same race or ethnic group often interact with one
another.
C) the primary reason why people of the same race or ethnic group so rarely interact with one
another.
D) unrelated to why people of the same race or ethnic group often interact together.
23 Miscegenation differs from intermarriage
* A) because the former refers to sexual activity and the latter to institutional social relationships.
B) because the former is less permanent.
C) in no significant way.
24 In 1963, Gov. George Wallace of Mississippi said, “We don’t want our [White] children to go to school
with Negro children, because it would lower the standards of our [White] schools. We’ve seen to it that this won’t happen in the past, and we’ll continue to see to it in the future.” (Actual quotation.) This statement was part of a continuing attempt to resist school integration. This statement reflects
A) the communal social relationship.
B) the associative social relationship.
* C) ideological exclusivity.
D) the parietal social relationship.
25 In the nineteenth century, most scientists believed that children born to interracial parents necessarily
* A) would be subject to various bio-medical problems, including low intelligence, greater susceptibility to disease, and greater likelihood of being deformed.
B) would be no more likely to have bio-medical problems than children born to parents of the same race.
C) would be subject to female hypergamy.
D) should be segregated from the rest of society for their own good.
26 Today, most scientists believe that children born to interracial parents necessarily
A) will be subject to various bio-medical problems, including low intelligence, greater susceptibility to disease, and greater likelihood of being deformed.
* B) will be no more likely to have bio-medical problems than children born to parents of the same race.
C) will be subject to female hypergamy.
D) should be segregated from the rest of society for their own good.
27 Stereotypes
A) portray an ethnic group accurately in every respect.
B) portray an ethnic group inaccurately in every respect.
* C) are sometimes used for racist purposes.
D) are always used for racist purposes.
28 All of the people in a region have to share the same typology (classification system) for races.
True or false?
A) true
* B) false
29 In Edgar Rice Burroughs’s Martian novels, the red race is dominant (that is, has the greatest privilege
and highest status) on Mars, followed by the black, the white, and the green, in that order. Burroughs’s white hero (male) marries a red princess. Assuming the traditional principles that have shaped Earthly social rules in the United States, what social race will the child belong to?
A) red
* B) white
C) pink
D) mixed
30 Which of the following has been historically true, compared to world averages?
A) The US always has had high rates of intermarriage.
B) The US had a low rate of intermarriage before the Civil War (1861-1865) and a high rate of after.
C) The US had a high rate of intermarriage until the 1980s, when it fell dramatically.
* D) The US always has had low rates of intermarriage.
31 In the social scientific sense, ethnic groups are defined by
A) skin color alone.
B) various physical characteristics.
* C) both physical and cultural characteristics.
D) similar access to economic resources.
32 In clinical experiments, researchers have asked children to draw pictures, then have criticized them
Harshly and negatively. The typical result is that
A) White children dismiss the criticism, but non-White children accept it.
B) Non-White children dismiss the criticism, but White children accept it.
* C) children develop reduced self-esteem.
D) children behave aggressively toward the researchers.
33 A social scientist argues that Turkey consistently has persecuted Kurds (an ethnic group within its
borders) and that most of the non-Kurds in Turkey think of Kurds as inferior. Many Kurds, too, have adopted a negative self-image based on this stereotype. This reflects the findings of
A) J-theory.
B) sociobiology.
C) operant conditioning.
* D) externalization theory.
34 Over 2,000,000 European Jews migrated to the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. These Jews usually came in large communities that settled in urban areas, usually in neighborhoods that came to be considered Jewish. Most were poor; they often were the targets of prejudice by powerful members of American society. Given the factors generally affecting acculturation-assimilation and given this information, these Jews
A) were likely to acculturate quickly and completely.
* B) were likely to show little acculturation.
C) were likely to manipulate their ethnic markers to better integrate into American society.
D) were likely to return to Europe.
35 Which of the following statements is most closely in keeping with the conclusions of externalization theory?
A) Because of government repression directed against them, Black South Africans of the Apartheid era were likely to enter into a violent revolution.
B) George Bernard Shaw argued publicly that the only way for humanity to progress was through rational control of reproduction, improving the human genotype.
C) In Nazi Germany, propaganda depicted Gypsies as evil and dishonest, but most Gypsies were able to resist this self-image because they had healthy personalities.
* D) In the nineteenth century, common stereotypes depicted the Irish as stupid and untrustworthy, and Irish children adopted self-images that included stupidity and untrustworthiness.
E) After the American Revolution, the Seneca Indians welcomed a mystic whose new religion and moral system provided a way to stabilize their society.
36 According to the classroom discussion, ethnic markers
A) are fixed at birth and cannot be altered.
* B) can be manipulated to indicate changing ethnic identity.
C) exist only in India.
D) are used primarily by the very poor.
37 Is it a cultural universal to disapprove of miscegenation? That is, have all societies in all times
disapproved of miscegenation?
A) yes
* B) no
38 Which of the following is most in keeping with the classroom discussion regarding stereotypes?
A) Our habitual grooves of thought are so strong that we never can avoid stereotypes.
* B) Human thought may habitually turn to stereotypes, but we can think more deeply and recognize
that individuals within a group differ from one another.
C) Stereotypes invariably are used for racist purposes.
D) Stereotypes always are based on some bit of truth.
39 According to lectures, the racist notion of keeping White women safe from sexual contact with
supposedly-inferior races
A) can be traced back to ancient Rome.
* B) can be related to notions of “pollution” and racial purity.
C) is contradicted by the evidence of hate crimes: couples with a White wife and Black husband are
targeted less often than couples with a Black wife and White husband.
D) All of the above are true.
E) None of the above is true.
40 According to the laws in most US states, a person with one Black grandparent and three White grandparents will be considered
* A) Black.
B) White.
C) Hapa.
D) Mixed Race.
41 According to the discussion in class, the situation in Question #40 probably relates to
A) the genetic dominance of some traits that are common in Black genotypes.
B) the genetic dominance of some traits that are common in White genotypes.
* C) concepts of racial pollution.
D) attempts to influence the demography of the US through the census.
42 The phrase “social construction of race” emphasizes which of the following points?
A) There is only limited biological overlap (genetically speaking) between members of different
races.
B) Individuals can manipulate ethnic markers in attempts to pass for members of other races.
C) Intermarriage and miscegenation are essentially the same thing.
* D) Race is a social category that is defined on the basis of arbitrary characteristics that have taken on social meaning.
43 A social scientist argues that the development of Chinatowns in North America grew out of the
natural tendency of Chinese people to want to be with others that they see as like themselves. In particular, this social scientist argues that this grows out of an hereditary urge common to all people, but especially strong in the gene pool of the Chinese. That social scientist’s ideas are closest to which of the following concepts?
A) cultural possibilism
B) female hypergamy
C) ideological exclusivity
* D) consciousness of kind
E) the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
44 Which of the following conclusions is in keeping with the Mary Waters reading assignment?
A) People usually are very careful to include every ethnicity/nationality in their ancestry when responding to census or survey questions.
* B) People often respond to census or survey questions about their ethnic/national ancestry with simplified versions of their ethnicity.
D) Most people are very uncomfortable discussing their ancestry and only reveal it reluctantly.
45 K. C. Cole’s article suggests that
* A) people in ambiguous situations often judge in terms of their personal experience, thus potentially prejudicing hiring practices.
B) people are very good at making rational decisions, and any prejudice that occurs in hiring practices is the result of that rationality.
C) people are grossly inconsistent in their hiring practices, so they can’t have malicious intent.
D) people who want to be fair almost always will make fair decisions.
46 In Cole’s article, a cognitive weak point is
A) the point in an argument where facts overwhelm preconceptions.
* B) a situation where people see what they expect to see, rejecting information that would challenge their pre-existing point of view.
C) a genetic defect that can lead to burst blood vessels in the brain.
D) a logical inconsistency.
47 Lawrence Otis Graham, in his “Rules of Passing,” suggests which of the following?
A) A Black person, no matter what, will be unable to present herself/himself as White.
* B) A Black person, under some circumstances, will be able to manipulate ethnic markers so that s/he is accepted as White.
C) It is easier for a Black person to pass as White than for a White person to pass as Black.
D) The Black community, for the most part, consider passing as White to be an honorable and desirable thing.
48 White privilege, as defined by Bruce Simon in your readings, consists of
A) the unethical and sometimes illegal activities used by some White people to maintain power.
* B) the set of advantages that White people receive – often unrecognized by them – merely because of their status as White.
C) the set of all the historical figures that White people can use as role models.
D) the assertion that White people have made more contributions than anyone else, so they naturally should be given advantages.
49 Which of the following is an example of white privilege as Simon describes it?
A) George Washington is given almost god-like adoration throughout the US.
* B) A White student is favored in getting a summer job, because his/her White employer feels more comfortable with a White employee.
C) George Wallace used the power of the governorship of Alabama to enforce segregation at the University of Alabama.
D) Richard Spencer argues that White people have made American what it is today, and they should be rewarded for that service.
50 According to your readings and the class discussion, the 2010 census differed from earlier censuses in
A) the option of selecting multiple racial identities.
B) the addition of an “Other Race” category
* C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B
