Enviromental World History
Kumbaya90
22_De-ColonizationNationalismandNature.htmlDe-Colonization, Nationalism, and Nature
Agenda
Lecture
HW: discussion board post due tonight by 11:59 tomorrow pm, at
response 11:59 pm
HW: next Tuesday paper revisions before class due
Discussion HW: [Blackboard: McNeill, Week “Urbanization” 14]
- #11 next Reading Wed Comp Quiz
- Rough draft due in 2.5
- weeks
Have clear argument Three ways to support 2 primary sources
Citation guidelines for final paper
MINIMUM: 9 citations 5 from lectures
Weeks 2-3: 1 reference Weeks 4-5: 1 reference Weeks 6-7: 1 reference Weeks 8-9: 1 reference Weeks 10-11: 1 reference
4 from reading material
3 different Marks chapters (Chapters 1-6) Choose last from: Crosby, Banner, Ross
What contributed to the loss of empires?
1943-75: most colonies in Africa, Middle
East, and Asia are liberated Thanks to:
1918: empires weakened by total war pressure groups nationalist agendas Cooperation of different ethnic groups international group of anti-colonial
intellectuals
Talk of “liberating” people during war
Today’s Focus:
Southern African
Wars and Vietnam
What was the international situation?
How did international rivalries make things
worse? What were the environmental consequences?
What was the international situation in the Cold War?
USSR and China anti-imperialist
champions in Africa and Asia
US/Europe contain
communism
De-colonizing regions won
Communist support
International Situation
White colonists
wanted to retain power
1960: colonies many liberated French
pressured Portuguese Brits/
Colonial
governments communist to = get anti US help
1974-5: Portuguese
rule in Africa collapsed
started Civil War
Ho Chi Minh believed Wilson (independence)
led fight against French
1954: French lost control of Indochina
Temporary division S. Vietnam collapsed Communists advanced America intervened
1964-5: Americans help South Vietnam
USSR/China support North Vietnam
How did international rivalries worsen the situation?
International Rivalries
Outsides groups provided
devastating weaponry
Angola: USSR, Cuba, China, US, South
Africa all fought to win control
Americans used chemical and
conventional weapons to destroy Viet Cong
Desire for victory = ignored
ecological consequences
What were the ecological effects of fighting?
Direct damage to land and
people from fighting
Indirectly, war made areas
less habitable through danger or destruction
How did opponents respond? What were soldiers’ strategies?
Southern Africa Guerillas hid in tall millet
Opponents burned
Guerillas retreated to national parks
Poached animals
Vietnam
covered in tropical forest
Viet Cong ambushed US troops Ho Chi Minh Trail = supply chain
American dropped more bombs than
in WWII
What were the ecological consequences of the warfare in Africa?
Africa
Millions of refugees left
land turned back to dense bush tsetse flies/sleeping sickness returned Made regions uninhabitable
1990s: Land mines = many feared
returning to farms
Disrupted veterinary services = rise
in livestock diseases
forests where guerilla forces hid (chemical) sprayed from planes - defoliated Vietnam Agent Orange
Vietnam “Roman Plows” cleared forest from next to roads to prevent ambushes
forces destroyed about 23% of Vietnam’s forests In total, U.S. Vietnam
Ecological Consequences today?
Ecological Consequences today?
Sprayed foliage killed trees, seeds and contaminated soil for decades
4 million Vietnamese affected by chemicals
Discussion Board question
1. How did the Cold War exacerbate [worsen] decolonization struggles? [8 points] How did the international situation
affect the fighting?
What were direct and indirect ways
that fighting affected the land and people?
Discussion “Great Departure”
What is Third World Developmentalism?
What caused it?
What the Cold do War? political Who alliances avoids look allying like with during
Soviet Union and America? Why?
What economic, environmental, and
industrial problems What do “Third World” solutions nations face? help them? agricultural and political
How do these themes relate to our lectures
this week?
How do these themes relate to the three
pillars of environmental history?
Citation guidelines for final paper
MINIMUM: 9 citations 5 from lectures
Weeks 2-3: 1 reference Weeks 4-5: 1 reference Weeks 6-7: 1 reference Weeks 8-9: 1 reference Weeks 10-11: 1 reference
4 from reading material
3 different Marks chapters (Chapters 1-6) Choose last from: Crosby, Banner, Ross
HW: 11:59 discussion pm, response board by post tomorrow due tonight at 11:59
pm
- before paper class revisions due next Tuesday
- McNeill, “More People, Bigger Cities”
- [Blackboard: Week 14]
- Reading Comp Quiz #11 next Wed
- Rough draft due in 2.5 weeks
Have clear argument Three ways to support 2 primary sources
