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Chapter x

RACE AND ETHNICITY IN THE US, 8TH EDITION
Richard T. Schaefer

Chapter 5

Ethnicity & Religion

Studying Whiteness

Why Don’t We Study Whiteness?
White people do not think of themselves as a race or have a conscious racial identity.

Studying Whiteness

Whites downplay the importance of their racial identity, although they are willing to receive the advantages that come from being White.
White privilege refers to the right granted as a benefit or favor of being White and can be an element of Whiteness.

Rediscovery of Ethnicity

Blended Identity
Blended Identity is a self-image and worldview that is a combination of religious faith, cultural background based on nationality, and the status of being a resident of the United States.

Rediscovery of Ethnicity

Blended Identity
Deficit model of ethnic identity (David) – ethnic identity is comprised of characteristics corresponding to some ideal ethnic type. Each factor missing from a person’s background or identity leads the person to be viewed by others as more assimilated and less ethnic.

Rediscovery of Ethnicity

The Third-Generation Principle
Principle of third-generation interest (Hansen) - the grandchildren of the original immigrants have an increased interest in and awareness of their ethnic heritage.

Rediscovery of Ethnicity

Ethnic Paradox
Ethnic Maintenance
Facility in the native language
Living with others of the same ethnic background

Rediscovery of Ethnicity

Ethnic Paradox
Immigrants who maintain their identity do better:
Health measures
Educational attainment
Lower incidence of behavioral problems

Rediscovery of Ethnicity

Symbolic Ethnicity
Eating ethnic food
Acknowledging ceremonial holidays
Supporting specific political issues or the issues confronting the old country
Peoplehood - sense of belonging - functional source of cohesion.

The German Americans

Settlement Patterns
Pennsylvania was the center of early settlements
Major urban presence was in Milwaukee, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, and Cincinnati

The German Americans

Twenty-First-Century German America
With World War I and especially the rise of the Nazi era and the war years of the 1930s and 1940s, most German Americans sought to distance themselves from the politics in their homeland
In the 2000 census German-Americans were the tenth largest group of foreign-born residents, with more than 700,000

The Irish Americans

Irish immigration dates back to 1600s
Irish Immigration
Irish were the largest immigrant group during Colonial period
Great Potato Famine - from 1841 through 1890, more than 3.2 million Irish arrived in the U.S.
Anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant movements
Mob violence

The Irish Americans

Becoming White
Ireland had a long antislavery tradition, including practices that prohibited Irish trade in English slaves
The Irish immigrants sought to separate themselves from the even lower classes
For the Irish American man, the priesthood was viewed as a desirable and respected occupation

The Irish Americans

The Contemporary Picture
By 2010, 35.6 million people identified themselves as Irish
More than five times the current population of Ireland itself.
Massachusetts has the largest concentration (24%)
About 122,000 people in the United States were born in Ireland.

The Italian Americans

Early Immigration
Mass immigration began in the 1880s, peaking in the first 20 years of the 20th century
Majority were landless peasants from rural southern Italy
Multiple cultures from different geographical locations in Italy

The Italian Americans

Labor organized through an ethnic contractor, the padrone.
Catholic Church was important part of Italian Americans’ lives
70% of Italian Americans today are Catholic

The Italian Americans

Constructing Identity
As assimilation proceeded, Italian Americans began to construct a social identity as a nationality group rather than in terms of their village or province.

The Italian Americans

The Contemporary Picture
In politics, Italian Americans have been more successful, at least at the local level
While as a group Italian Americans are firmly a part of middle America, they frequently continue to be associated with crime
Italian Americans still remain the seventh-largest immigrant group

The Polish Americans

Early Immigration
Polish were among the first settlers in the 1600s.
Difficult to document size of immigration over time due to shifting national boundaries of Poland.

The Polish Americans

Largely rural to urban migration as studied by Thomas and Znaniecki in their classic The Polish Peasant in Europe and America
The majority of Polish immigrants were Catholic, although a sizeable number were Jewish until German invasion of Poland in 1939

The Polish Americans

Polonia
Polonia (Polish communities outside of Poland) – in as Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, and, Chicago
The Contemporary Picture
Today the size of Polonia is nearly 10 million in U.S.

Religious Pluralism

Religion (Durkheim): a unified system of sacred beliefs and practices that encompass elements beyond everyday life that inspire awe, respect, and even fear.
Denomination: a large, organized religion that is not linked officially with the state or government

Religious Pluralism

Today there are more than 1,500 religious bodies in the United States, ranging from the more than 66 million members of the Roman Catholic Church to sects with fewer than 1,000 adherents.

Religious Pluralism

Civil religion is the religious dimension in the United States that
Merges public life with sacred beliefs.
Exists alongside established religious faiths
Embodies a belief system that incorporates all religions
Is not associated specifically with any one religion

Religious Pluralism

Functionalist Perspective: Civil religion reinforces core American values – more patriotic than religious

Religious Pluralism

Diversity among Roman Catholics
Roman Catholic Church – Americanized a diverse immigrant population after public school system, the greatest force for assimilation
Diversity among Protestants
Protestant Religions – generic theological camps

Religious Pluralism

Liberals: United Church of Christ (Congregationalists) and Episcopalians
Moderates: Disciples of Christ, Methodists, and Presbyterians
Conservatives: American Lutherans and American Baptists
Fundamentalists: Missouri Synod Lutherans, Southern Baptists, and Assembly of God

Religious Pluralism

Religion and the Courts
Religious pluralism owes its existence in the United States to the First Amendment
The U.S. Supreme Court has consistently interpreted the wording to mean not that government should ignore religion, but that it should follow a policy of neutrality to maximize religious freedom

Religious Pluralism

School Prayer
Among the most controversial and continuing disputes has been whether prayer has a role in the schools.
1962 Supreme Court decision in Engel v. Vitale that mandatory school prayer was unconstitutional

Religious Pluralism

Secessionist Minorities
Secessionist minorities reject both assimilation and coexistence in some form of cultural pluralism.
Example: Old Order Amish

Religious Pluralism

The1993 Congress passed the Religious Freedom Restoration Act, which said the government may not enforce laws that “substantially burden” the exercise of religion.
Gives religious groups more flexibility in practicing their faiths.

Religious Pluralism

Creationism and Intelligent Design
Controversy: whether the biblical account of creation should be or must be presented in school curricula and whether this account should receive the same emphasis as scientific theories.
Creationists: advocate a literal translation of the bible.

Religious Pluralism

Intelligent Design: the idea that life is so complex it could only have been created by a “higher intelligence”.
In 2005, a federal judge in Kitzmiller v. Dove Area School District ended a Pennsylvania school district intention to require the presentation of ID. The judge found ID to be “a religious belief”.

Religious Pluralism

Public Displays
Court decisions about public displays that have religious meaning have been dubbed “the plastic reindeer rules.”
In 1995, the Court clarified the issue: privately sponsored religious displays may be allowed on public property if other forms of expression are permitted in the same location