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20200822045640soc_4.ppt

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Chapter x

RACE AND ETHNICITY IN THE US, 8TH EDITION
Richard T. Schaefer

Chapter 4

Immigration

Push Factors:
economic difficulties
religious or ethnic persecution
political unrest
Pull Factors:
perceptions of a better life
desire to join a community of fellow nationals
Chain Migration

Patterns of Immigration to the United States

Immigration to the United States has three unmistakable patterns:
(1) the number of immigrants has fluctuated dramatically over time largely because of government policy changes;
(2) settlement has not been uniform across the country but centered in certain regions and cities; and
(3) the immigrants’ countries of origin have changed over time.

Early Immigration

Immigration unregulated throughout 1800s
About 35% emigrated back to their home country
Xenophobia – fear or hatred of strangers or foreigners
led to nativism - beliefs and policies favoring
Native-born citizens over immigrants
1882 Chinese Exclusion Act

Early Immigration

The Anti-Chinese Movement
Before 1851, official records show that only 46 Chinese had immigrated to the United States
Over the next 30 years, more than 200,000 came to this country
In the 1860s, railroad work provided the greatest demand for Chinese labor
Employers were glad to pay the Chinese low wages

Restrictionist Sentiment Increases

National Origin System
Quotas set to block the growing immigration from southern Europe
The Immigration and Nationality Act
Reunite Families
Protect American labor market

Contemporary Social Concerns

Brain Drain
Immigration of skilled workers, professionals, and technicians who are desperately needed by their home countries
Population Growth
Immigration is projected to account for nearly 50 percent of the nation’s growth from 2005 to 2050

Contemporary Social Concerns

Mixed-Status Families
Families in which one or more members are citizens and one or more are noncitizens
Language Barriers
English Language Acquisition - 21 percent of the population speaks a language other than English illegal

Contemporary Social Concerns

The Economic Impact
Impact at the national level
Studies indicate an overall net gain
70% of illegal immigrants pay taxes
Immigrants send remittances to their countries of origin (worldwide $325 billion to developing countries)

Contemporary Social Concerns

Impact at the local level
Competition for low-skilled jobs
Economic burden
Positive Signs
Immigrant families are more likely to be on public assistance, but their time on public assistance is less and they receive fewer benefits.

Contemporary Social Concerns

Second-generation immigrants (i.e., children of immigrants) are overall doing as well as or better than White non-Hispanic natives in educational attainment, labor force participation, wages, and household income.
Immigrants overwhelmingly (65 percent) continue to see learning English as an ethical obligation of all immigrants.

Contemporary Social Concerns

Less Encouraging
Although immigrants have lower divorce rates and are less likely to form single-parent households, their rates equal or exceed these rates by the second generation.
Children in immigrant families tend to be healthier than U.S.-born children, but the advantage declines.

Contemporary Social Concerns

Immigrant children attend schools that are disproportionately attended by other poor children and students with limited English proficiency, so they are ethnically, economically, and linguistically isolated.

Illegal Immigration

2013 – 11.7 million illegal/undocumented immigrants in the U.S.
Scapegoats for social problems
Controlling illegal immigration
Auditing company employment records
Border surveillance

Path to Citizenship: Naturalization

Naturalization - citizenship conferred on a person after birth - the same benefits given to native-born U.S. citizens except naturalized citizens cannot serve as president

Path to Citizenship: Naturalization

To become a naturalized U.S. citizen, a person must meet the following general conditions:
be 18 years of age;
have continually resided in the United States for at least five years (three years for the spouses of U.S. citizens);

Path to Citizenship: Naturalization

have good moral character as determined by the absence of conviction of selected criminal offenses;
be able to read, write, speak, and understand words of ordinary usage in the English language; and
pass a test in U.S. government and history.

Women and Immigration

Women have the responsibility of navigating the new society.
City services
Schools
Medical facilities

Women and Immigration

Stores/markets
Women are the “liaisons” for the family to:
Community associations
Religious organizations

The Global Economy and Immigration

Transnationals are immigrants who sustain multiple social relationships that link their societies of origin and settlement.
Climate Refugees migrate as a result of environmental crises such as famine, typhoons, rising sea levels, expanding deserts, chronic water shortages, and earthquakes

The Global Economy and Immigration

Refugees are people living outside their country of citizenship for fear of political or religious persecution – granted the right to enter a country - 11 million worldwide
Asylees are refugees who have already entered the United
States and then seek protection because of persecution or threat of persecution

The Environment and Immigration

Environmental refugees are people forced to leave their communities because of natural disasters, or the effects of climate change and global warming

Refugees

Refugees are people who live outside their country of citizenship for fear of political or religious persecution
The United States makes the largest financial contribution of any nation to worldwide assistance programs

Refugees

Asylees are foreigners who have already entered the United States and seek protection because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution in their home country