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20200822045528soc_3.ppt

Chapter x

RACE AND ETHNICITY IN THE US, 8TH EDITION
Richard T. Schaefer

Chapter 3

Discrimination

Discrimination is the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or for other arbitrary reasons.

Understanding Discrimination

Relative vs. Absolute Deprivation
Relative deprivation - the conscious experience of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities.
Absolute deprivation - implies a fixed standard based on a minimum level of subsistence below which families should not be expected to exist.

Hate Crimes

What Are Hate Crimes?
The government defines an ordinary crime as a hate crime when offenders are motivated to choose a victim because of some characteristic and there is evidence that hatred prompted them to commit the crime. Also referred to as bias crimes.

Hate Crimes

Hate Crimes

Why Do Hate Crimes Carry Harsher Penalties?
Today’s hate crimes are like the terrorist efforts of the Ku Klux Klan of generations ago
Targets may be randomly selected, but the group being terrorized is carefully chosen

Institutional Discrimination

Institutional discrimination is the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society.

Institutional Discrimination

Discrimination Today

Discrimination Hits the Wallet
Income refers to salaries, wages, and other money received
Wealth is a more inclusive term that encompasses all of a person’s material assets, including land and other types of property

Discrimination Today

Eliminating Discrimination
Two main agents of social change work to reduce discrimination: voluntary associations organized to solve racial and ethnic problems and the federal government, including the courts
The most important legislative effort to eradicate discrimination was the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Discrimination Today

People living in predominantly minority neighborhoods have found that companies with delivery services refuse to go to their area
Many social clubs had limitations that forbade membership to minorities, Jews, and women
Made its way out in the late 1980s

Wealth Inequality: Discrimination’s Legacy

Discrimination that has occurred in the past carries into the present and future
Wealth is a more inclusive term than income and encompasses all of a person’s material assets
Studies document that the disparities in income we have seen are even greater when wealth is considered

Wealth Inequality: Discrimination’s Legacy

Wealth is not just money in the bank, but insurance against joblessness, homelessness, and ill health
A close analysis of wealth shows that African American families typically have $95,000 less in wealth than their White counterparts

Environmental Justice

Environmental justice refers to the efforts to ensure that hazardous substances are controlled so that all communities receive protection regardless of race or socioeconomic circumstance
Low-income communities and areas with significant minority populations are more likely to be adjacent to waste sites, landfills, incinerators, and polluting factories than are affluent White communities

Affirmative Action

Affirmative action is the positive effort to recruit subordinate-group members, including women, for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities
Affirmative Action Explained
Federal measures under the heading of affirmative action have been aimed at procedures that deny equal opportunities, even if they are not intended to be overtly discriminatory

Affirmative Action

The Legal Debate
Bakke case (Regents of the University of California v. Bakke)
Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin
Has affirmative action actually helped alleviate employment inequality on the basis of race and gender?

Reverse Discrimination

Reverse discrimination is an emotional term
It conjures up the notion that somehow women and minorities will subject White men in the United States to the same treatment received by minorities during the last three centuries
Is it possible to have color-blind policies prevail in the United States in the twenty-first century?

The Glass Ceiling

Prejudice does not necessarily end with wealth
Discrimination persists for even educated and qualified people from the best family backgrounds
Reasons for glass ceilings are as many as the occurrences