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Chapter x

RACE AND ETHNICITY IN THE US, 8TH EDITION
Richard T. Schaefer

Chapter 1

Exploring Race & Ethnicity

© 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Ranking Groups

  • Minority Group - subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their own lives
  • Experience unequal treatment and have less power

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Ranking Groups

  • Share physical and/or cultural characteristics
  • Membership is not voluntary
  • Have a strong sense of group solidarity
  • Generally marry others from the same group

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Types of Groups

  • Racial Groups
  • Racial – this designation emphasizes (obvious) physical differences
  • Ethnic Groups
  • Ethnic - groups set apart from others because of their national origin or distinctive cultural patterns

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Types of Groups

  • Religious Groups
  • Religious – affiliation with a religion other than the dominant faith (Protestant in the U.S.)
  • Gender Groups
  • Gender – women are considered a minority in patriarchal societies

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Types of Groups

  • Other Subordinate Groups
  • Other - age, disability status, physical appearance, sexual orientation, citizenship status

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Does Race Matter?

  • Biological Meaning
  • Based on the mistaken notion of a genetically isolated human group
  • There are no mutually exclusive races
  • Intelligence is measured as an intelligence quotient (IQ)

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Does Race Matter?

  • Social Construction of Race
  • The social construction of race
  • The social meaning people have attached to race
  • Acceptance of race as a legitimate category allows racial hierarchies to emerge

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Does Race Matter?

  • Racial Formation
  • Sociohistorical process by which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed
  • Racism
  • Doctrine of racial supremacy that states one race is superior to another

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Biracial and Multiracial Identity: Who Am I?

  • Panethnicity –the development of solidarity between ethnic subgroups
  • Hispanic-American; American-Indian; Asian American
  • Marginality- the status of being between two cultures

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sociology and the Study of Race and Ethnicity

  • Sociology is the systematic study of social behavior and human group
  • Stratification by Class and Gender
  • Stratification is the structured ranking of entire groups of people
  • Perpetuates unequal rewards and power in a society class, or social ranking, of people who share similar wealth and income

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sociology and the Study of Race and Ethnicity

  • Gender - unequal treatment of and less control by women compared to men
  • Race intersects with class and gender
  • Theoretical Perspectives
  • Functionalist Theory - emphasizes how the parts of society are structured to maintain its stability

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sociology and the Study of Race and Ethnicity

  • Five functions that racial beliefs have for the dominant group:
  • Provide a moral justification for inequality
  • Discourage subordinate people from questioning their status
  • Serve as a rallying point for racist social movements
  • Encourage support for the existing order
  • Relieve the dominant group of responsibility to address the economic and educational problems faced by subordinate groups

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sociology and the Study of Race and Ethnicity

  • Dysfunctions: elements of society that disrupt a social system or decrease its stability.
  • 1. A society that practices discrimination fails to use the resources of all individuals.
  • 2. Discrimination aggravates social problems such as poverty, delinquency, and crime.
  • 3. Society must invest a good deal of time and money to defend the barriers that prevent the full participation of all members.

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sociology and the Study of Race and Ethnicity

  • 4. Prejudice and discrimination undercut goodwill and friendly diplomatic relations between nations, including global trade.
  • 5. Social change is inhibited because change may assist a subordinate group.
  • 6. Discrimination promotes disrespect for law enforcement and for the peaceful settlement of disputes.

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sociology and the Study of Race and Ethnicity

  • Conflict Theory assumes that the social structure is best understood in terms of conflict or tension between competing groups
  • The privileged (dominant) and exploited (subordinate).
  • The result is significant economic disparity and structural inequality

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sociology and the Study of Race and Ethnicity

  • Blaming the victim: portraying the problems of minorities as their fault rather than recognizing society’s responsibility.
  • From the conflict perspective, the emphasis should be on structural factors such as
  • the labor market
  • affordable housing
  • availability of programs to assist with addiction or mental health issues

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sociology and the Study of Race and Ethnicity

  • Labeling theory
  • Certain groups are more at risk of being labeled depending on race, ethnicity, social class, age, etc.
  • Labeling involves the use of stereotypes - unreliable generalizations about all members of a group that do not take individual differences into account

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sociology and the Study of Race and Ethnicity

  • “Definition of the Situation” – W.I. Thomas observed that people respond not only to the objective features of a situation (or person) but also to the meaning these features have for them

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Creation of Subordinate-Group
Status

  • Migration
  • Transfer or movement of people within or across borders
  • Annexation
  • Nations, particularly during wars or as a result of war, incorporate or attach land
  • The dominant power generally suppresses the language and culture of the minority

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Creation of Subordinate-Group
Status

  • Colonialism
  • Political, social, economic, and cultural dominance over people by a foreign power for an extended period
  • Societies gain power over a foreign land through military strength, sophisticated political organization, and investment capital.

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Spectrum of Intergroup Status

  • Relationships between and among racial, ethnic, and religious groups as well as other dominate–subordinate relationships are not static.
  • These relationships can be viewed among a continuum from those largely unacceptable to the subordinate group such as extermination and expulsion to those that are more tolerant such as assimilation and pluralism.

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Consequences of Subordinate-
Group Status

  • Extermination
  • Genocide is used to describe the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation
  • Ethnic cleansing refers to the forced deportation of people, accompanied by systematic violence including death
  • Expulsion
  • Dominant groups may choose to force a specific subordinate group to leave certain areas or even vacate a country

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Consequences of Subordinate-
Group Status

  • Expulsion, therefore, is another extreme consequence of minority-group status
  • Secession
  • A group ceases to be a subordinate group when it secedes to form a new nation or moves to an already-established nation, where it becomes dominant

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Consequences of Subordinate-
Group Status

  • Segregation
  • Segregation is the physical separation of two groups in residence, workplace, and social functions
  • Generally, the dominant group imposes segregation on a subordinate group
  • Apartheid came to mean a policy of separate development, euphemistically called multinational development by the government

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Consequences of Subordinate-
Group Status

  • Fusion
  • Fusion occurs when a minority and a majority group combine to form a new group
  • Amalgamation is the process by which a dominant group and a subordinate group combine through intermarriage into a new people
  • Melting pot: when a diverse racial or ethnic groups form a new creation, a new cultural entity

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Consequences of Subordinate-
Group Status

  • Assimilation
  • Assimilation is the process by which a subordinate individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant group and is eventually accepted as part of that group
  • Segmented assimilation describes the outcome of immigrants and their descendants moving in to different classes of the host society

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Consequences of Subordinate-
Group Status

  • The Pluralist Perspective
  • Pluralism implies that various groups in a society have mutual respect for one another’s culture, a respect that allows minorities to express their own culture without suffering prejudice or discrimination.

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Resistance and Change

  • Resistance occurs through:
  • racial and ethnic groups maintaining their identity
  • people questioning societal values
  • people targeting overt symbols or racist and sexist actions
  • social movements

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.