A literature review analyzes how current research supports the PICOT, as well as identifies what is known and what is not known in the evidence. Students will use the information from the earlier PICOT Question Paper and Literature Evaluation Table assign

Criteria

Article 1

Article 2

Article 3

Article 4

Author, Journal (Peer-Reviewed), and

Permalink or Working Link to Access Article

Dombrowski, SimoniKatz, & Golden Journal of AIDS Patient Care and STDs,

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4410545/#

Yang& Underhill. The New England Journal of Medicine, 378(13): 1174-1175. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1716981

Dutra, Cordova & Avant. Social Work In Public Health, https://doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2018.1454868

Eisinger, Dieffernbach & Fauci.

American Medical Association

https://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.2018.21167&utm_campaign=articlePDF%26utm

Article Title and Year Published

Barriers to HIV care and treatment among participants in a public health HIV care relinkage program, 2015

Rethinking criminalization of HIV exposure: Lessons from California's new legislation. (2018).

Service, stigma, and discrimination: Perception of African descendant men living with HIV/AIDS in Brazil and the United States (2018)

HIV viral load and transmissibility of HIV infection: Undetectable equals untransmittable. American Medical Association (2016).

Research Questions (Qualitative)/

Hypothesis (Quantitative)

To what extent do the barriers to HIV care and treatment hinder the intervention of care providers in the management of PLHIV?

The authors hypothesize that criminalizing specific behaviors in PLHIV are ineffective in reducing public harm.

What is the status of the accessibility, stigma, and discrimination of African descent living with HIV/ AIDS in the U.S and Brazil?

The researchers hypothesized that patients' education on the concept of U=U offers an incentive for PLHIV to adhere to ART.

Purposes/Aim of the Study

To analyze the prevalence of obstacles in the initiation of ART, clinical visit, and ART adherence.

To review new legislation in California that criminalizes HIV exposure.

To empower 13 African descent with HIV/AIDS from the U.S. Brazil and Salvador concerning their perception of stigma, discrimination, and access to health services.

To assess the underlying evidence-based practice that supports the need for behavioral, social, and legal implications related to the acceptance of undetectable= untransmittable (U=U) concept.

Design (Type of Quantitative, or Type of Qualitative)

Qualitative design involving HIV laboratory surveillance data

A review of the policy to deduce lessons and conclusions

Qualitative research design using phenomenological research.

A qualitative study involving literature review

Setting/Sample

247 respondents in public health care relinkage program in Washington

The review does not have primary respondents.

13 African descent with HIV/AIDS

Five randomized control trials with different sample sizes

Methods: Intervention/

Instruments

The Care and Antiretroviral Promotion Program (CAPP) was used to collect data on patients' engagement in clinical interventions.

The policy is examined through a qualitative study.

In-depth interviews using semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data.

Data was collected from a review of clinical trials that had been conducted by other researchers.

Analysis

The results were analyzed using Pearson's chi-square tests and presented in percentages.

The policy is analyzed in the context of inequality in different races and associated discrimination.

Data was coded and ranked in different status and into themes for analysis.

The results were analyzed using systematic analysis.

Key Findings

The identified barriers include insurance (50%), financial barriers (30%) and lack of need for clinical interventions (<20%)

The authors found out that the legal statute that criminalizes HIV exposure and its awareness does not influence the view of people concerning the responsibility for transmission.

The results suggested that education programs are crucial in overcoming fear and resistance to clinical management of HIV/AIDS.

The results suggested that undetectable viral load is achieved in at least six months of using ART.

Recommendations

The authors recommend the need for public HIV health programs to create equality for all PLHIV in health access.

The authors recommend the development of effective guidelines for prosecution in the prevention of HIV exposure and public harm.

Policymakers and community leaders should take the responsibility of promoting acceptance and desires for learning in PLHIV.

The authors recommended adherence to ART to achieve the validity of U=U. They stressed the importance of ART adherence in attaining maximum benefits.

Explanation of How the Article Supports EBP/Capstone Project

The article offers critical insight into the capstone project by identifying the barriers to ART adherence.

The article supports the PICO question by identifying the subject of public harm and the available regulatory framework in this area.

The article supports the EBP capstone by stressing the need for education programs in promoting the success of clinical interventions in HIV management.

The article introduces the concept of undetectable=Untransmittable. This is one of the goals of the EBP capstone that can be achieved by high levels of ART adherence.

Criteria

Article 5

Article 6

Article 7

Article 8

Author, Journal (Peer-Reviewed), and

Permalink or Working Link to Access Article

Quinn et al.

AIDS Behavior

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1657-6

Yeboah et al.

AIDS Behavior

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25711298/

Steward et al.

PLoS Medicine, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003079

Baral et al.

Lancet HIV.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/

Article Title and Year Published

The 'fears' of disclosing HIV status to sexual partners: A mixed-methods study in a counseling setting in Ghana, 2016

The 'fears' of disclosing HIV status to sexual partners: A mixed-methods study in a counseling setting in Ghana

2015

Practice transformations to optimize the delivery of HIV primary care in community healthcare settings in the United States: A program implementation study

, 2020

The disconnect between individual-level and population-level HIV prevention benefits of antiretroviral treatment, 2019

Research Questions (Qualitative)/Hypothesis (Quantitative)

How do medical mistrusts and AIDS genocidal beliefs impact medical access in African Americans men having sex with men?

The research hypothesized that a supportive and trusting environment could help people living with HIV to cope with stigma.

The researchers hypothesized that practice transformation could maximize the delivery of primary care in people with HIV in a community setting.

The research question was, could be a disconnect between individuals and population levels in HIV prevention be attributed by the little attention given to heterogeneity of HIV acquisition and treatment?

Purposes/Aim of the Study

To examine the health and related social factors that impact AIDS conspiracy theories in African Americans men.

To determine the rate of disclosure and elements that impact the disclosure in Cape Coast.

To identify practice transformation approaches that can improve HIV care continuum outcomes.

To examine the variation in genetically linked new HIV infections in previously HIV-negative partners.

Design (Type of Quantitative, or Type of Qualitative)

Quantitative research through Exploratory factor analysis

Qualitative design involving in-depth interviews

A qualitative design was used in organizational assessment.

The researcher also used surveys in data collection.

Qualitative research using literature review and viewpoints

Setting/Sample

464 African Americans who have sex with men

510 respondents in Cape Coast, Ghana

Fourteen demonstration projects in seven states and the District of Columbia. They collectively yielded a sample size of 13,500 respondents

Participants living with HIV from multiple low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries

Methods: Intervention/Instruments

A-CASI interviews.

A 5-point Likert scale.

STD/HIV test kits

Snowball sampling and structured interviews

Data was collected through an organizational assessment on each of the 14 sites.

Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) survey for each assessment.

A review of three cluster randomized control trials

Analysis

Data were analyzed using multiple regression and bivariate regression.

Data analysis was done using STATA and Pearson Chi-square tests.

A generalized estimation equation (GEE) model was used in the analysis of the data. This approach allowed the researchers to track changes in the outcome across all the sites.

Data from the literature review supported undetectable=untreatable in serodiffrent couples synthesized. Other aspects that were synthesized are the potential reasons for disconnecting and treatment as prevention at the population level.

Key Findings

Medical mistrust was found to be associated with concealing HIV status to partners and having a detectable viral load.

A majority of the respondents (84.0%) had informed their partners about their HIV statuses and were accepted without negative consequences.

Demonstrations clinics were found to make significant changes in their practice transformation approaches to optimize the workforce working with people living with HIV.

The identified practice transformation approaches were associated with improved clients' retention and viral suppression.

The expectations of a reduction in the transmission of HIV can only apply in serodiffrent partners that are in a monogamous relationship.

Recommendations

There is a need for continued efforts for minimizing social anxieties in HIV prevention and treatment.

Adequate support services and training of peer educators can improve the safety of disclosure.

The authors recommended practice transformation in HIV care workforce. The approach has numerous potential benefits for care organizations that are struggling to meet the expectations of their clients.

The authors recommended HIV treatment to be adjusted to the people that are treated rather than the number of people that are treated.

Explanation of How the Article Supports EBP/Capstone

The article supports the EPB project by emphasizing the need for developing trust from people living with HIV in the education program. Lack of trust is associated with social anxiety that inhibits ART adherence.

The article reinforces the need for education for PLHIV in minimizing stigma that is related to an increase in ART adherence.

The article proposes the significance of transformation in the HIV workforce. It supports the EBP capstone by suggesting the approaches that the workforce can use to optimize the care for PLHIV. This involves clients' retention and viral repression, which can be achieved by supportive ART adherence.

The article focuses on quality rather than quantity for care in PLHIV. The article answers the PICO question in the EBP by exploring the roles of care providers in promoting ART adherence.