you have already worked on this for me however all i need is for you to ad my information in the appropriate section of the powerpoint. I have attached the outline as a reference to ensure you know where on the powerpoint it goes. My section is section V.

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Group 3 Project 2 – Phase 1

Preliminary title: ChAdOx1 Candidate Vaccine for CoVid-19

Ju Brown, Carley Czyzewski,

Maria Kayes, Alondra Olan Baez & Nneka Onianwah

Professor Schwartz

University of Maryland Global Campus

Biology 302

Thesis Statement: Based on the results of the animal trials, there is belief that ChAdOx1 vaccine will have a positive outcome in the human clinical trial against the Covid-19 virus.

I. Overview of virus

A. A virus is microscopic organism that rely on a host to make more of itself.

B. A virus is made of nuclei acid, capsid, viral envelope. Nucleic acid is the genetic material of the virus and can be made of DNA or RNA. The capsid (protein coat) is what protects the virus genetic materials and gives it its shape. The envelope is the outer layer of the virus and it displays spikes that play an important role in attachment to the host cell (UMGC, Module 4).

C. The virus causes disease and illness because while it is reproducing it can damage organs, altering the normal bodily functions. As a result, the immune system tries to fight the virus causing inflammation and fever (Johns Hopkins University of Medicine, n. d.).

II. COVID-19, also known as SArS-CoV-2, (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) is a RNA virus that causes mild to severe respiratory illness.

A. SArS-CoV-2 infects humans by entering the host and hijacking the cells in order to replicate itself.

B. Transmission rate is high because SArS-CoV-2 is a new viral infection and the human body does not have immunity to it (Johns Hopkins University of Medicine, n. d.).

III. Overview of vaccines

A. A Vaccine is a compound of antigens specific to a virus or bacteria used to increase the body’s immune response to a particular pathogen (Institute of Medicine, 1993).

B. Vaccines provide protection by stimulating the body’s immune system to increase antibodies or fighting mechanisms against specific physiologic disorders

C. The steps in developing a vaccine are as follows:

i. Appraisal of public health crises

ii. Research to inform process of vaccine development for said crises

iii. Demonstration of findings at clinical levels

iv. Investigation of vaccines market potential (Institute of Medicine, 1993).

IV. Overview of ChAdOx1

A. Researchers found that a single dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 protected six rhesus macaques from pneumonia, which is caused by the SARS-COV-2 virus (NIH, 2020, para 1).

i. The vaccination makes a protective immune response using a chimpanzee adenovirus to deliver a SARS-COV-2 protein (NIH, 2020, para 2).

ii. The six rhesus macaques who were given the vaccination 28 days before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 showed no signs of the virus in the lungs, low levels of respiratory disease and no lung damage compared to the control animals who did not receive the vaccine (NIH, 2020, para 2).

B. Summary of the pilot test in humans

i. The phase 1 trail included more than 1,000 immunizations in healthy adult volunteers and the results are still being analyzed (NIH, 2020).

V. Overview of NCT04324606 clinical trial

A. The clinical trial is aimed at developing a vaccine against the COVID-19 virus (SARS-CoV-2). The clinical trial is expected to happen in three phases. The trials will have the number of participants increasing from one phase to another so as to ascertain its effectiveness while at the same time being careful not to have many people's health is affected in the event where the trial backfires.

VI. Summary of terms

A. Phase 2 clinical trials

i. Phase two of clinical trials will include a trial on adults and children. In sum, 10, 260 would be involved. These individuals would be injected with the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine. However, these individuals will not know that they have been injected with the virus until such a time when the trial is complete (NIH, 2020).

Alondra will revise this part

B. Phase 3 clinical trials

ii. In phase three, the trials will be conducted on large groups of people. The multitudes of people will be selected randomly and injected with a dose or two of either the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or license vaccine (MenACWY). The participants will not know that they have been injected with the vaccines until the process is intended (NIH, 2020).

C. Immunizations play important roles in the management of infections. Immunizations work by helping the body recognize and develop an immune response to the Spike protein that will help stop the SARS-CoV-2 virus from entering human cells and therefore prevent infection. As a result, the disease-causing pathogens will die (NIH, 2020).

VII. References

Johns Hopkins University of Medicine (n.d.) Modules 1 and 3 in Understanding the COVID-19 Pandemic: Insights from Johns Hopkins University Experts.  https://coronavirus.jhu.edu

UMGC (n.d.) Course Module 4: Viruses in BIOL 302. Document posted in University of Maryland Global Campus (UMGC) BIOL 302 6981 (2205) online classroom retrieved from https://learn.umgc.edu/d2l/le/content/535017/viewContent/18683959/View

NIH (2020, May 15) Investigational ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine protects monkeys against COVID-19 pneumonia. National Institutes of Health (NIH). https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/investigational-chadox1-ncov-19-vaccine-protects-monkeys-against-covid-19-pneumonia

Institute of Medicine (1993, January 01) Committee on the Children's Vaccine Initiative: Planning Alternative Strategies. Stages of Vaccine Development. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK236428/