Linguistic grammar homework.

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TOPICS

I. Phrases and Hierarchical structure

A. Words form larger units

B. How we represent units

II Phrase structure rules

A. What phrase structure rules represent

B. The form of PS rules

C. Making PS rules general

D. One-word phrases

III. Recursion

Notes!!!!!

I. Phrases and Hierarchical structure

A. Words form larger units

I. Phrases and Hierarchical structure

A. Words form larger units

Evidence: ambiguity

Best Western is a large motel chain.

[large motel] chain

large [ motel chain]

I. Phrases and Hierarchical structure

A. Words form larger units

Evidence: ambiguity

Best Western is a large motel chain.

[ [large motel] chain ]

[ large [ motel chain] ]

I. Phrases and Hierarchical structure

· °

• • • •

[ [large motel] chain ] [large [ motel chain] ]

I. Phrases and Hierarchical structure

A. Words form larger units

Evidence: ambiguity

Best Western is a large motel chain.

[[large motel] chain]

[large [ motel chain]]

We can’t explain this without the concept of phrase—units larger than the word.

B. How we represent units

labeled brackets

[NP the students [PP in [NP the class ]]]

B. How we represent units

labeled brackets

[NP the students [PP in [NP the class ]]]

Labelled brackets show:

-the units

-the type of units (groupings and category)

-hierarchical structure: one phrase contains another

II Phrase structure rules

Phrase structure rules represent:

-generalizations about how phrases are constructed

II Phrase structure rules

What is the form of PS rules?

-rewrite rules:

NP  Det – N- PP

the book about Japanese

II Phrase structure rules

What is the form of PS rules?

-rewrite rules:

NP  Det – N- PP

the book about Japanese

How are the rules applied?

II Phrase structure rules

What is the form of PS rules?

-rewrite rules:

NP  Det – N- PP

the book about Japanese

How are the rules applied?

(How are applications of rules represented to show the structure of individual sentences?)

II Phrase structure rules

One alternative:

A. Represent a sentence as a collection of

rewrite rules, with words plugged in:

“Messages with no attachments arrived from Sweden”

II Phrase structure rules

One alternative:

A. Represent a sentence as a collection of

rewrite rules, with words plugged in Sn  NP1 – VP1

NP1  N1 – PP1

PP1  P1 – NP2

NP2  D1 – N2

VP1  V1 – PP2

NP3  N3

II Phrase structure rules

One alternative:

“Messages with no attachments arrived from Sweden”

A. Represent a sentence as a collection of

rewrite rules and rules of lexical insertion:

Insert:

N1 messages D1 no

N2 attachments V1 arrived

N3 Sweden

P1 with

P2 from

II Phrase structure rules

“Messages with no attachments arrived from Sweden”

A second alternative:

B. Convert each symbol to a set of labeled

brackets:

[S [NP1 [N1 messages] [PP1 [P1 with] [NP2 [D no]

[N2 attachments]]]] [VP1 [V1 arrived] [PP2 [P2 from]

[NP3 [N3 Sweden]]]]]

II Phrase structure rules

A third alternative:

C. Use Nodes and branches to represent the application of rules:

S = S NP - VP

NP VP

II Phrase structure rules

A third alternative:

C. Use Nodes and branches to represent the application of rules:

S NP  N - PP

NP VP

N PP

BRANCHES DO THE REWRITING:

NP => DET - N - (PP)

the students in the class

Det

the

BRANCHES DO THE REWRITING:

NP => DET - N - (PP)

the students in the class

Det N

the students

BRANCHES DO THE REWRITING:

NP => DET - N - (PP)

the students in the class

Det N PP

the students in the class

BRANCHES DO THE REWRITING:

NP => DET - N - (PP)

the students in the class

Det N PP

the students in the class

BRANCHES DO THE REWRITING:

NP => DET - N - (PP)

the students in the class

Det N PP

the students in the class

II Phrase structure rules

How can the rules be general enough to cover different cases?

II Phrase structure rules

How can the rules be general enough to cover different cases?

• Optional elements

• Two or more different elements can occupy the same position.

II Phrase structure rules

Optional elements:

The rule:

NP  Det – N- PP

does not cover these sentences:

Lee ordered pizza.

Carey ordered red wine.

II Phrase structure rules

NP  Det – N- PP

This rule does not cover these sentences:

Lee ordered pizza.

Carey ordered red wine.

(Why not?)

II Phrase structure rules

NP  Det – N- PP

This rule does not cover these sentences:

Lee ordered pizza.

Carey ordered red wine.

(Why not?) These sentences are missing Determiners in the NPs; the rule given above would predict these phrases to be illformed.

II Phrase structure rules

Solution: modify the rule system to allow optional elements. Here, NP contains N; it may also contain other words, but they’re optional:

NP  (Det) – N- (PP)

II Phrase structure rules

Can there be a one-word phrase?

II Phrase structure rules

Can there be a one-word phrase?

Yes:

Lee ordered pizza.

This sentence contains two one-word NPs.

II Phrase structure rules

• Two or more different elements can occupy the same position.

ate a cookie VP  V – NP

said Mary left VP  V – S

II Phrase structure rules

• Two or more different elements can occupy the same position.

ate a cookie VP  V – NP

said Mary left VP  V – S

VP  S

II Phrase structure rules

• Two or more different elements can occupy the same position.

ate a cookie VP  V – NP

said Mary left VP  V – S

VP  S

(see p. 39)

III. Recursion

What is recursion? The property of reproducing or regenerating a phrase within another phrase of the same type

III. Recursion

What is recursion? The property of reproducing or regenerating a phrase within another phrase of the same type

John

John’s sister

John’s sister’s mother

John’s sister’s mother’s cousin

III. Recursion

How do PS rules represent recursion?

III. Recursion

John’s sister

III. Recursion

John’s sister NP

Poss NP N

sister

John’s

III. Recursion

John’s sister’s mother NP

Poss NP N

mother

Poss NP N

sister’s

John’s

III. Recursion

John’s sister’s mother NP

Poss NP N

mother

Poss NP N

sister’s

John’s

III. Recursion

John’s sister’s mother’s cousin

Can you draw the tree?

III. Recursion

PossNP N

PossNP N cousin

PossNP N mother’s

N sister’s

John’s

III. Recursion

What PS rules are needed to generate this phrase?

John’s sister’s mother’s cousin

III. Recursion

What PS rules are needed to generate this phrase?

John’s sister’s mother’s cousin

NP => (Poss NP) N

Poss NP => (Poss NP) N

IV. Summary

1. Words form larger units

2. Rewrite rules generate units.

3. The information in PS rules can be represented visually in different ways: with labeled brackets or graphically with tree diagrams.

4. Properties of the system:

IV. Summary

Properties of the system:

• rules can be made general by including optional elements in parentheses.

example: NP  (D) – N – (PP)

• rules are potentially recursive: a phrase of a given type can be embedded within another phrase of the same type.

example: PP  P - PP