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20190720200219cold_war_1950s_summary_and_written_lecture.docx

COLD WAR & 1950s

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The cold war was not an actual war.  It was a deteriorating and ultimate freezing of diplomatic relations between the United States and the Soviet Union.

· The wartime economy of the 1940 revived the American economy and the US experienced one of its most prosperous decades of the 20th century, the 1950s.

· Through the G.I. Bill, soldiers returning from Europe were able to attend colleges and universities for free

· Suburban development increased as Americans began moving out of cities

· The baby-boomer generation was born!(they are now in their 60and 70s)

 

 

US Foreign policy

· “We are for all time de-isolated”

· US has world’s largest navy and air force, monopoly on nuclear weapons, thriving economy

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American Economy

· Strongest economy in world

· US held 66% of world’s gold

· 75% of its invested capital

· US is producing 50% of the world’s goods and services

 

A blueprint of the United Nations was laid out by global leaders such a FDR and Churchill during WWII

A Post War Institution: THE UNITED NATIONS, OCT. 1945  (New  York City)

Multi-governmental organization to promote international cooperation

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51 member states   (1945)

195 member states (2019)

American political climate

· Nationalistic

· Alternative political views met with suspicion, retaliation

· Wealthy businessmen

· feared a relapse into another depression

· worried worldwide revolutions of economically suppressed peoples would lead to a toppling of American capitalist system

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American Military Climate

· Largest military in world

· Allies caught unprepared against Hitler

· Mentality behind arms build up

Many of the military leaders who would form the Joint Chiefs of Staff during the 1950s fought Hitler in WW II and they dedicated themselves to never allowing another Hitler-like figure rise again through appeasement. This translated into to a very aggressive foreign policy and a nuclear arms build up.

 

The Emergence of the USSR

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The Soviet Union would emerge as the primary nemesis of the US after World War II. The USSR quickly expanded its sphere of authority in Eastern Europe as the US extended its authority in Western Europe.

· 10 million man “Red Army” USSR

 

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The Decline of the British Empire

Great Britain receded from the stage of global leadership after WWII.  To use a boxing an analogy:  If World War One was the left jab to the British Empire, WWII was the right hook.

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FDR remarked several times that Winston Churchill was a great wartime Prime Minister, but that he would make a rather poor peacetime Prime Minister, 'twas true!  Churchill (a nationalist) was replaced by Clement Attlee (a socialist) soon after the war.  Great Britain was devastated.  There were food shortage, housing shortages, etc. 

The British Empire could no longer afford to govern its colonies which were scattered around the world (for example: the British government was paying $75,000,000 per week during World War One just keep countries like Canada, New Zealand, and Australia in the war!).

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· Great Britain

· Winston Churchill

· lost the 1945 election to the labor party

· Clement Attlee (1941-1945) elected 

· Free Health Care for all

· Major housing campaign

· Nationalization of industries

· Oversaw independence of colonies 

Granted Independence:   Burma, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Jordan, Palestine

 

 

 

 

 What happened to Germany after Word War II?

Germany was divided between the Allied nations

USSR, USA, FRANCE, GREAT BRITAIN

· Germany divided into four zones, Berlin into four sectors (American, Russian, British, French)

· The original agreement between Roosevelt (before he died) and Stalin was to de-industrialize Germany (thus limiting its war making ability)

· A couple of factors interrupted this plan

· The Soviet Union completely stripped all of the industrial infrastructure (like everything) and transported it back  to the USSR--this somewhat shocked the US.

· Germany began to evolve into a client state of the US

· American corporations began to export resources to Germany to help it rebuild (and made a ton of money in the process)

· Eventually Russia evolved into America's enemy and Germany an ally

· In the mind of Stalin, this went directly against the plans that were made between him and Roosevelt

· Truman was now in charge, and relationships with the Russians quickly went down-hill

Trizonia

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As a result of the growing mistrust with the USSR,  the US, France, and England consolidated their portions of Germany, called Trizonia,  complete with its own currency.  A result, Stalin began to fence of his portion of Berlin, which began the process of East Berlin and East Germany becoming communist.

 

Emergence of Truman’s Containment Policy , 1947

· Contain the spread of communism by supply monetary and military aid in countries where communism was growing

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Between 1945 and 1967, numerous colonies (in Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia) of former European empires proclaimed their independence and partook in revolutionary movements. Communism and Socialism were their political vehicles of choice to secure independence from exploitative empires. The US interpreted such revolutions as an extension of Soviet communism (although many of these fights were local revolutions against imperial exploitation).

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Domino Theory

· Each country was compared to a domino, which if allowed to become communist, would lead to a process of countries becoming communist world wide.

 

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The Marshall plan was an economic plan to rebuild European countries.  However, there was an expectation for countries who received US  money that they would align politically with the US

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Marshall Plan

· Offered to rebuild European countries by offering aid (to challenge Russian influence)

· Proposed $17 billion over four years

· “Best way to win a war is to prevent one”  Gen. George Marshall                                           

· Much of the funding was used to purchase exports from American companies

· Standard, Texaco, Chevron, Mobilgas, Gulf

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· Money was also diverted to CIA to fund covert operations

 

 

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What happened to Japan after WWII?

· Adopted democratic constitution

· Women given right to vote

· Forced to renounce war and aggression

· Minimal national defense only

· US will rebuild Japan’s industry

 

What happened to the US after WW II?

After experiencing the aggression of Hitler's Germany in WWII, institutional militarism was on the rise in the US. This is where more institutions are established to extend formal military authority and to protect Americans from foreign threats.

 

The National Security Act (1947)--established the following:

 

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· Department of Defense (oversee all branches of armed services)

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· Formed the Joint Chiefs of Staff (represent each branch of military--advise the president on military matters)

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· National Security Council (cabinet level body coordinated military and foreign policy for President)

        

· CIA-Central Intelligence Agency:  Collect intelligence to keep American safe from international threats and perform other functions and duties related to intelligence affecting national security

 

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (July 21, 1949)

NATO was formed after World War II in order to prevent an outside aggressor from attacking a country without pretext. The US has a lot of influence in NATO.  A primary function of NATO was to deter Soviet Expansion and influence.  There are American military bases in NATO countries today.

· Mutual defense pact required 12 signatories to defend each other from outside aggression

· Militarized France, England, Germany, Italy (American military bases)

· Established nuclear weapons on European soil

· General Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed as NATO supreme commander

 

Israel is Born

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· Truman worried about Soviet-Israeli alliance after WWII

· He was a vocal supporter of Israel

· Israel declares independence May 14th, 1948

· Established by the United Nations

The impetus for the UN to establish Israel was to provide a home and safe haven for Jews that were targeted for extermination and left homeless (and nation-less) as result of the Judaic genocide.

 

 

WARSAW PACT, 1955 (Russian response to NATO)

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The Warsaw Pact was a collective defense treaty signed by the Soviet Union and Eastern European nations.  It was largely a response to the American backed NATO.  Any national governments within the region that resisted or opposed Soviet influence were overthrown by the USSR.

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Countries within the Soviet Sphere

· Bulgaria

· Romania

· Hungary

· Poland

· East Germany

· Czechoslovakia

 

 

 

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NSC – 68  (1950)

NSC 68 was 66 page document drawn up by the National Security Council for President Truman, it established the ideological trajectory against communism and the expansion of communism, particularly Soviet back communism.

· National Security Council calls for a permanent military build up to enable the US to pursue a global crusade against communism

· Struggle between “the idea of freedom” and the “idea of slavery under the grim oligarchy of the Kremlin”

· “survival of the free world” at stake

· a quantum leap in promoting America as global police

 

SPYING ON AMERICANS (1950s)

As foreign threats to America's security grew wider in scope, so did the net of domestic surveillance at home (as is the case today).

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The balance between protection from foreign threats while respecting the rights of citizens at home has always been the challenge for governments.  Some do better than others when meeting this challenge. 

 

The Challenge of Every Government

How does the national government protect our civilian populations from foreign threats while upholding civil and constitutional rights?  This is especially true if the threats come from within the domestic populations themselves. 

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This became a hot topic in 2013 when Edward Snowden leaked highly classified information that revealed the collection of interface communication data of millions of Americans without a warrant.

Espionage: Russian spies in US and Canada

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Espionage is a reality of the global community.  Do you remember a few years back, during the Obama administration, Wikileaks exposed America's spying?  And it was an embarrassment indeed! We were spying on Germany, France, Spain, Brazil--all US allies.  Most of it was gathering economic and corporate information, but nonetheless, it made for some rather awkward conversations for President Obama and our allies.

In 2010, Richard and Cynthia Murphy were raising two daughters in their two-story colonial home in Montclair, New Jersey. The FBI said they were spying for Russia. Their real names, according to the FBI, were Vladimir and Lydia Guryev.

In 2010 there was a Russian spy ring discovered in Montclair, New Jersey D.C.  The "spies" were a married couple, with two young children who were involved in school and community functions and even hosted neighborhood barbecues.  Everyone was shocked when it was discovered that they were actually spying for Russia.

CNN--

The Guryevs had been gathering information since the 1990s for Russia's SVR, which the FBI describes as the modern equivalent of the KGB. The KGB, if you remember, was the widely feared national security agency of the now-defunct Soviet Union, tasked during the Cold War with running a domestic secret police force and operating a network of spies throughout the world.

On June 27, 2010, the FBI arrested the Guryevs along with eight other alleged Russian spies in Manhattan, Yonkers, Boston and northern Virginia. The announcement triggered headlines reminiscent of the Cold War, and even inspired the creation of FX's 1980s-era spy drama "The Americans."

 

American Spy, Robert Hanssen:

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The FBI arrested a "mole" working in the Bureau  in 2001.  Since 1979, Robert Hanssen had been selling secrets to the Russians (worth over $2 billion).  He simply brought home classified documents, placed them in a plastic trash bag, sealed the bag with duct tape, and placed the secrets under a park bridge located at the end of the suburban street in which he lived.  He's now serving a life sentence at a maximum security facility in Colorado.

There were Soviet spies operating in the US and Canada in the 1950s, not as many as some liked Americans to believe, but there were a few spy rings.

The US government created extreme nationalism that viewed alternative politics with suspicion and hostility.  This was reflected in the popular culture of comic books and movies.

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The Second Red Scare

During the 1950s, the FBI began to do intensive surveillance of "Pinkos" or anyone who espoused support for Communism.  In fact, any one who openly questioned the policies and actions of the federal government or White House garnered the attention of the Justice Department and FBI. As a result public critique of American policy and leaders went completely underground. The concern that Soviets in the 1950s were infiltrating the US with spies in order to destroy America was called the "Second Red Scare."

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While its true that there were some Russian spies operating in the US (no one knows how many), there were American spies operating in the USSR, as there were spies from countries around the world spying on each other.

 

Some leaders really exploited the fear of the American people by threatening that Russian spies were operating at the highest levels of our government.  As result they attracted national attention and their careers were bolstered, while the careers of those they accused of communism were ruined forever.

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---See Joseph MacCarthy in your text

A popular quote from the 1950s

 “Not every American communist was a spy, but almost every spy was a communist.” The Second Red Scare

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House Committee on Un-American Activities

· Ronald Regan, Gary Cooper, Robert Taylor, Walt Disney among other were subpoenaed to testify about their political loyalties before Congress

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The Hollywood 10 were a group of screenwriters who refused to disclose their political affiliations and were subsequently sentenced to federal prison

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Actor Humphrey Bogart and his wife Lauren Becall head to Washington DC to challenge the HUAC report

· The Hollywood Ten

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Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were first and only Americans to be sentenced to death for spying (the evidence against them was flimsy at best)

· Executed in 1953

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Communist Party, USA

· dropped from 80,000 in 1944 to 10,000 by mid 1950s

 

Internal Security Act of 1950

· Require communists organizations register with government, identify all mail as communist

· Called for detention centers to house suspected subversives, during an “internal security emergency” without trial

· Any “sympathetic association” with any organization on the Attorney General’s list would equate disloyalty.

 

Truman condemned the ISA as un-American and dangerous:

· "the greatest danger to freedom of speech, press, and assembly since the Alien and Sedition Laws, 1798." Truman

“We are not going to turn the US into a right wing totalitarian country in order to deal with a left wing totalitarian threat, in short, we’re not going to end democracy, we’re going to keep the bill of rights on the books.”

 

CIA Covert Actions around the World

The Overthrow of Mohmmad Mosaddegh

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Mohammed Mosaddegh held a PhD in law from a university in Switzerland  and was elected in a democratic election in Iran.  He wanted to use Iranian oil for the Iranian people.  However, dating back to the WW I era, a British company, by the name of the Anglo-Iranian Oil company held a 51% share of the oil.  The MI5 (British Intelligence) asked for assistance in taking down Mosaddegh, so the  CIA and the MI5 orchestrated a military coupe in 1953 and Mosaddegh was overthrown.  The Shaw of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi became the primary liaison with Western powers, until 1979.   

Iran

· Mohammed Mosaddegh nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. in 1953

· CIA plans, finances, and orchestrates coup to overthrow Mosadegh

· pro-Western Shah Reza Pahlavi returns

CIA IN GUATEMALA

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Like Mohammad Mosaddegh, Jacobo Arbenz Guzman wanted to distribute Guatemalan lands to Guatemalan people.  The American owned United Fruit Company owned hundreds of thousands of acres of coffee and banana plantations on Guatemala. The director of the CIA, approached President Eisenhower and informed him that Guatemala was becoming a haven for communism and socialism (there 4,000 communist in the entire country) and that military intervention was need to thwart this movement.

In 1954, the CIA orchestrated a coupe and Guzman was overthrown. 

· Guzman’s Land reform program, seized over 200,000 acres controlled by American owned United Fruit Company

· Compensation offered to UFC was “unacceptable” according to UFC executives

· CIA financed and organized overthrow of Arbenz

· A new government approved by the CIA restored land to United Fruit Co.

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· Carlos Castillo Armas, a junior officer, assumes leadership

· Abolished the tax on interests and dividends for foreign investors

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Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961) and the nuclear build up.

Publicly, Eisenhower, warned Americans of a"dirty bomb" that could be unleashed in Manhattan.  Privately he oversaw the largest build up nuclear weapons in the 20th century (except for the 1980s).  According to Eisenhower, "Nuclear weapons offered more “bang for the buck.

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Eisenhower's Defense Strategy: “ The New Look”

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· Rely on cheaper more impactful nuclear weapons

· Philosophically, no difference between conventional and nuclear weapons

President Eisenhower told British Ambassador:  [Nuclear weapons]“were viable for use as other munitions”   and    “I’d rather be atomized than communized.”                                 

                                                                          

· Eisenhower orders 42% atomic and 36% hydrogen bombs deployed overseas, 1954

 

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Castle Bravo, March 1st 1954 (USA)

· Largest American nuclear bomb to be detonated

· Marshall Islands

· 15 megaton yield

· 1000 times more powerful that bombs used on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

· Weighed 23,500 pounds

· Mushroom cloud 130,000 feet high

· Left a crater 6,510 feet in diameter, 250 feet deep

· Contaminated islands

· 264 people exposed to radiation

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· Japanese fishermen fishing nearby were caught in the radioactive fallout

· International outrage followed

 

Related imageTsar Bomba (1961) (USSR)

The 60,000 lbs, 50 megaton, multi-stage thermonuclear Soviet "Tsar Bomba" remains the largest nuclear weapon ever to be detonated.  The the blast was so powerful, that it blew out windows in Finland, a thousand miles away from the blast-site!

 

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American society was in the grip of the constant fear of a nuclear exchange with the Soviet Union that would leave both countries (and possibly the world) in ruins. American cities and schools were equipped with alarms that would sound in case of a nuclear attack.

Nuclear attack drills

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Children routinely practiced hiding under the their desk in the event of a nuclear exchange.     A desk, really??

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Fall-out shelters were very popular in the 1950s.  For a nominal fee you could have one built in your back yard, with enough provisions to last 2 years.  Question of the day:  Would you really want to survive a nuclear holocaust?

 

Atoms for Peace Program

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In order the make Nuclear weapons socially acceptable to the American people, the Eisenhower Administration launched its "Atoms for Peace" program which explored alternative "positive" uses for nuclear weapons.  According to the White House, nuclear weapons were useful for:

· Excavations

· Making harbors in Alaska

· Freeing oil deposits

· Creating underground reservoirs

· Creating another Panama Canal

· Altering the weather

· Melting polar ice caps

 

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President Eisenhower present his "Atoms of Peace" program to the United Nations 

 

The Space Race

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The Soviets shocked the US when it launched the first ever satellite into space:  Sputnick was launched  on Oct 24th, 1957

The following month, the USSR  launched a second satellite carrying a little dog named Laika.

·

· Laika, a stray dog that Russian scientists picked -up outside the lab, was the first living creature to orbit the earth.

· The Soviet Union told the world that she died painlessly after one week

· Laika died within 6 hours of being launched, most likely do to overheating

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· Today Laika is a celebrated figure in Russia

 

 

 

American U2 Spy Plane shot down over the Soviet Union, 1960

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The Soviet Union shot down  an American (CIA) U-2 spy plane that was conducting aerial reconnaissance deep in Soviet territory.  Pilot Gary Powers was captured and the US had to admit to engaging in espionage. It was tremendous embarrassment. Powers was originally sentenced to 10 years in prison but was released after 2 years when the US exchanged Rudolf Abel (a Russian spy arrested in the US) in a spy swap. The Spy swap was depicted in the movie "Bridge of Spies" starring Tom Hanks.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/RIAN_archive_35174_American_Spy_Pilot_Francis_Gary_Powers.jpg/320px-RIAN_archive_35174_American_Spy_Pilot_Francis_Gary_Powers.jpg Powers in Soviet custody

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President Eisenhower's Legacy

“I have left a legacy of ashes to my successor.” Pres. Eisenhower

Overall, defense spending tripled under Eisenhower as he oversaw the largest build up of nuclear weapons (except Reagan) in the 20th century. One has to wonder what the old general really thought about the evolution of American weapons systems and the military infrastructure that was designed to coordinate them.

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hmmmm.......what exactly do you know Ike?  Image result for ike and military industrial complex

 

The specter of financial profit from billion dollar government contracts between the Pentagon and private weapons companies such as Boeing, Lockheed, and Raytheon were never far from his mind.  During his last televised Presidential Address he seems disturbed over the trajectory of the relationship between these entities and what it meant for the morality of America.

During Eisenhower's last televised address to the nation, he seems to allude to the fact that when subsidiary industries benefit from war, that they exert undue influence in decision making when it comes to war; a system he calls the military-industrial complex.

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Characteristics of the Eisenhower Administration

· 1000 to 22,000 nuclear weapons

· Expansion of military bases, air craft carries, and CIA

· Approved a simultaneous attack of nuclear weapons on Soviet Union and China if necessary

· Presidential Farewell Address

· Military-Industrial-Complex

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