Background You work as a paralegal in a public defender’s office. In an upcoming presentation to a local legislative committee, the public defender plans to address criminal justice issues, constitutional principles, cultural sensitivity, and diversity a

Running head; ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 2

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Jamie Robertson

Introduction to Criminal Justice

Dr. Sean Grier

May 31, 2019

Annotated Bibliography

Criminal justice issue of law enforcement communication in multilingual communities

First article

Faraldo-Cabana, P. (2018). Research Excellence and Anglophone Dominance: The Case of Law, Criminology and Social Science. In The Palgrave Handbook of Criminology and the Global South (pp. 163-181). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Retrieved from https://eprints.qut.edu.au/115607/

The journal article is introduced through exclaiming the highly televised protests and shootings that involve police officers. It also goes on and notices that the ethnic minorities face racial discrimination from policemen and other law enforcing agencies. The journal is, therefore, an acknowledgment that sharing a common language is one way to drastically reduce language and race barriers in the challenge of creating and fostering a better tomorrow. In the developing parts of the article, it acknowledges the presence of criminology in the workforce of trying to enforce laws without multilingual barriers.

It acknowledges that through criminology language barriers are often disproportioned. The article explains that criminology helps the police and other law agencies reflect the idea that they are represented by them and not just policed. When the language is restricted and guided the community through criminology can come forward and acknowledge the different form of crimes. However when there is immunity from the language the community stays away from the criminal agencies and law enforcement and therefore increase in criminal activities. This concludes by explaining the ways in which multilingual communities can be used to promote justice. The criminal agencies should develop the heritage of the speakers so that the imbalance relating to multilingual communities is reduced. It suggests that through proper recruiting into criminal agencies might be a solution. The article, in summary, encourages criminal agencies that recruit language rich pool of candidates to help deal with this complex issue.

Application of criminology to the multilingual approach

Second article

Buffin, J. P. (2017). A Mixed Method Study Of A Former Special Operations Community: Identifying Factors That Effect Cross-Cultural Competency. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d72f/c086d681bd6e7e9059399e6ee286b695cd0d.pdf

The authors recognize that multilingual settings can be a burden to law enforcing agencies at the start of the article. It suggests that police officers and other agencies cannot perform their duties properly well when they don’t know the language to use in interrogating the witnesses of a crime. When the language barrier becomes a challenge for witnesses to describe a suspect to the police, it clearly becomes a challenge. The challenge explanations present the journal with a perfect introduction to move on and explain the relevance of criminology to multilingual settings.

In the development part, the authors highlight that criminology can be applied to the multilingual setting program of the LEP individuals. Criminology encourages interaction with the LEP on a daily basis. Daily interaction through criminology enhances planning and reduction in language use resources. This strategy is referred to as the article as three diverse laws. Enforcement agencies apply it as a criminology strategy to help reach out to the LEP populations. At the end of the article, the authors express the need to fight crime in multilingual settings through understanding the changing demographics of the multilingual communities and their jurisdiction. This gives power to the application of criminology in assisting multilingual communities.

Racial discrimination in the jury

Third article

Gündemir, S., Dovidio, J. F., Homan, A. C., & De Dreu, C. K. (2017). The impact of organizational diversity policies on minority employees’ leadership self-perceptions and goals. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 24(2), retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0963721418766068

In this article, the main claim is that most jury excludes people of colors from services because of the race especially from serious cases nearly 135 years after laws were passed abandoning such practices. The article indicates that people of color are discouraged from attending to serious criminal matters for example death and life sentences trial matters.

The article in its development presents that such exclusion of people of color from jury activities undermines the role, credibility, and reliability of the criminal justice system. The article goes ahead to mention specific cases where racial bias was witnessed. A total of over 100 African-American natives were excluded from jury duties for nothing serious but based on race. Hundreds of court case reviews are also presented in the paper as proof to claims that modern day still has jury selection due to racial biases. The end of the article introduces reasons why prosecutors have struck racial minorities out of jury responsibility. Some of the reason cited includes lack of intelligence, criminal background and the wearing of eyeglasses which are a clear indication that they are trying to peel back the mask of racial bias that exists in courts.

The eighth amendment

Article four

Bagaric, M., & Gopalan, S. (2016). Sound Principles, Undesirable Outcomes: Justice Scalia's Paradoxical Eighth Amendment Jurisprudence. Akron L. Rev., 50, 301. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5e3e/fb6afe00587174d29ca63b93338af8d4580a.pdf

This article questions confinement in prison and its conditions as talked about in the eighth amendment. The article present strong opinions in the introduction that conditions in jail should not deprive inmates of civilized measures and life necessities. All these conditions according to the article should not be cruel but rather cool ones. The conditions in jail shouldn’t be restrictive and harsh. Even if they are part of the penalties that criminal pay for what they had done it should be a rather general principle.

The article develops a conclusion that the punishments of conditions as displayed in the eighth amendment should rather be confinement only. Confinement, as described by the journal, is to be formally meted out. Through formally meted out it means that the confinement should be the worst of the punishments presented in prisons in relation to the prison conditions. Further worse prison conditions should invite culpable circumstances to the important individual involved in the same.

Article five

Craig, B. (2018). Cruel and Unusual: The Eighth Amendment and the Overuse of Solitary Confinement in American Corrections. Retrieved from

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b896/56162caf735f6dd513ab26a427f389ad8807.pdf

The main argument in the article is to develop and convince the state and the citizens to adopt a system where confined prison conditions as listed in the eighth amendment should be related to the kind of crime committed by the specific individual. The text introduces the concept through presenting a case where two criminal of different crimes are put through the same hard conditions which seem quite unfair.

In the development strategy, the article presents ideas of three concurring judges who feel the idea is valid. The three mentioned judges do sign to the fact that crimes of high level should be presented with hard and difficult conditions that the criminals regret having done the mistake. On the other, had criminals of lesser crimes should be presented with rather humanly conditions. At the end of the article, the author convinces the audience to agree with these analyses in the view that in due time the idea will reach the congress where it will be adapted without failure. If the three judges are for it then the rest of the state and the world will be able to see the sense.

References

Bagaric, M., & Gopalan, S. (2016). Sound Principles, Undesirable Outcomes: Justice Scalia's Paradoxical Eighth Amendment Jurisprudence. Akron L. Rev., 50, 301.

Buffin, J. P. (2017). A Mixed Method Study Of A Former Special Operations Community: Identifying Factors That Effect Cross-Cultural Competency

Craig, B. (2018). Cruel and Unusual: The Eighth Amendment and the Overuse of Solitary Confinement in American Corrections.

Faraldo-Cabana, P. (2018). Research Excellence and Anglophone Dominance: The Case of Law, Criminology and Social Science. In The Palgrave Handbook of Criminology and the Global South (pp. 163-181). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.

Gündemir, S., Dovidio, J. F., Homan, A. C., & De Dreu, C. K. (2017). The impact of organizational diversity policies on minority employees’ leadership self-perceptions and goals. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 24(2)