Linguistic grammar homework.
paiocanlie2727
2016slidesch9b.pptLING 100 Autumn 2016
Chapter 9
Part B
Outline
Intransitive Prepositions= Particles
A. Intransitivity
B. Syntax of Particles
C. Semantics of Particles
II. More Prepositional Phrases
A. Subordinating Prepositions
B. Prepositions with Participial VP
C. Complex Prepositional Phrases
I. Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
I. Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
A. Intransitivity illustrated with verbs:
1. Intransitivity means no NP complement
[S NP AUX [VP V NP ]] (transitive)
[S NP AUX [VP V -- ]] (intransitive)
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
A. Intransitivity illustrated with verbs:
2. Some verbs are always transitive. They always occur with a complement NP:
a. *Fred bought.
b. Fred bought a book.
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
A. Intransitivity: illustrated with verbs
3. Some verbs are always intransitive:
a. Erin napped.
b. *Erin napped the dog.
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
A. Intransitivity: illustrated with verbs
4. Many verbs may be either transitive or
intransitive:
a. Ashley walked.
b. Ashley walked the dog.
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
A. Intransitivity
5. Prepositions are most often transitive: (they occur with a noun phrase object)
a. We jumped over the bridge.
b. Nobuko looked out the window.
I. Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
A. Intransitivity
6. Intransitive Prepositions have no NP
complement:
a. We jumped up/around/in/down.
b. Nobuko looked out/away/up.
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
A. Intransitivity
7. Some Prepositions may be either transitive or intransitive:
a. Anya looked out.
b. Anya looked out the window.
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
A. Intransitivity
8. Other prepositions are always transitive:
a. We ate popcorn during the movie.
b. *We ate popcorn during.
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
A. Intransitivity: terminology
9. Intransitive prepositions are called
particles.
a. Steve walked around. = Particle
b. He walked around the park. = Preposition
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
B. Syntax of Particles
How do we represent intransitive P?
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
B. Syntax of Particles: Intransitive PP:
Two alternatives:
VP VP
V Prt V PP
walk around walk
Prt
around
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
B. Syntax of Particles: Intransitive PP:
S
NP VP
N V Prt
Nobuko walked around
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
B. Syntax of Particles: Intransitive PP:
S
NP VP
N V PP
Nobuko walked
Prt
around
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
B. Syntax of Particles
1. Some Particles appear to be transitive:
a. We turned out the light.
b. The students handed in the papers.
c. He put on his hat.
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
B. Syntax of Particles
The structure is:
VP
V Prt NP
turned out the light
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
B. Syntax of Particles
Notice: Prt and NP do not form a constituent.
VP
V Prt NP
turned out the light
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
B. Syntax of Particles
Evidence: particle movement.
VP
V NP Prt
turned the light out
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
B. Syntax of Particles
Transitive prepositions do not switch order with their complements:
a. We ate popcorn during the movie.
b. *We ate popcorn the movie during.
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
B. Transitive prepositions do not allow particle movement: VP
V NP PP
ate
N P NP
popcorn during
the movie
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
B. Syntax of Particles
3. Phrase structure for Particles: the particle branches from VP, not PP; there is no spot for an object of PP:
VP
V Prt NP
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
B. Syntax of Particles
Question: using the tree below, explain why this sentence is ungrammatical:
*Kumiko turned off the light and on the faucet.
VP
V Prt NP
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
B. Syntax of Particles
4. Evidence that NP is an object of V, not P: The verb can be passivized:
a. Richard turned out the light.
b. The light was turned out (by Hortense).
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
B. Syntax of Particles
4. Evidence that NP is an object of V, not P: The verb can be passivized:
a. Mike turned [ at the corner.]
b. The corner was turned [ at --- ]
(by Mike).
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
B. Syntax of Particles: Conclusion
1. Particles are represented by the category: Prt
2. Tests for Particles versus transitive Prepositions:
a. Particle movement
b. Conjunction: if P+NP can undergo conjunction, they form a phrase.
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
B. Syntax of Particles: Question
If we assume that where is a PP proform, why are B and C ungrammatical continuations of the dialogue in A?
A: John turned away his friends.
B. *He turned where?
C. *Away his friends.
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
B. Syntax of Particles: Question
If we assume that where is a PP proform, why are B and C ungrammatical continuations of the dialogue in A?
Answer: a proform can only replace a constituent;
[ away his friends ] is NOT a unit.
A: John turned away his friends.
B. *He turned where?
C. *Away his friends.
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
B. Syntax of Particles
5. Revised PS rule for PP:
PP (MOD) P (NP)
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
C. Semantics of Particles
1. Two subclasses of Particles.
a. Directional Particles
b. Non-directional “verbal particles”
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
B. Semantics of Particles
Directional particles have spatial meaning that indicates direction in space.
Fred took the recycling boxes in.
Mary looked away/up/in/out/down.
Hortense pushed the box over/out/back.
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
B. Semantics of Particles
Directional particles can often alternate with transitive prepositions:
Fred took the recycling boxes in.
Fred took the recycling boxes in the garage.
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
B. Semantics of Particles
4. Non-directional “verbal particles” combine with a verb to form idiomatic meaning.
(Idiomatic: not predictable from the meanings of the parts)
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
B. Semantics of Particles
4. Non-directional “verbal particles” combine with a verb to form idiomatic meaning.
a. John ran up. (directional particle)
b. John ran up the hill. (transitive prep.)
c. John ran up a big bill. (verbal particle)
NON-SPATIAL V+P (=accumulate); idiomatic
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
B. Semantics of Particles
5. More examples:
a. Sue turned out the light.
= extinguished NON-SPATIAL
b. Boris gave up.
= surrendered NON-SPATIAL
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
B. Semantics of Particles
6. Particle Shift applies freely to non-directional particles:
Sue turned out the light / turned the light out
Fred gave up the seat. / gave the seat up
They talked over the issue / talked the issue over
We looked up the answer / looked the answer up
Mary took over the project / took the project over
Kumiko set up the chairs / set the chairs up
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
B. Semantics of Particles
7. Directional particles are often structurally ambiguous:
Galen turned around the statue.
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
B. Semantics of Particles
7. Directional particles are often structurally ambiguous:
Galen turned around the statue.
Questions:
Is this sequence ambiguous?
Can you give two tree diagrams for it?
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
Galen turned around the statue.
S
NP Aux VP
Past
N V Prt NP
Galen turned around
the statue
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
Galen turned around the statue.
S
NP Aux VP
Past
N V PP
Galen turned
P NP
around
the statue
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
B. Syntax of Particles: Particle shift
a. We turned out the light.
VP
V P NP
turned out the light becomes…
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
B. Syntax of Particles: Particle Shift
a. We turned the light out.
VP
V NP P
turned the light out
Intransitive Prepositions = Particles
Summary
A. Intransitivity: no NP object
B. Syntax of Particles: branch from VP, not PP
C. Semantics of Particles:
i. Directional particles
ii. “Verbal particles”
II. More Prepositional Phrases
A. Subordinating Prepositions
B. Participial VP complements
C. PP complements:
Complex Prepositional Phrases
II. More Prepositional Phrases
A. Subordinating Prepositions
1. Prepositions can have NP or S objects:
PP -> (MOD) P NP
S
II. More Prepositional Phrases
A. Subordinating Prepositions
1. Example:
Mary left after the movie. ( P – NP)
Mary left after Sue arrived. ( P - S )
II. More Prepositional Phrases
A. Subordinating Prepositions
2. Structure: Mary left after Sue arrived
tree diagram…
Mary left after Sue arrived. ( P - S )
S
NP VP
Mary leftv PP
P S
after
Sue arrived
II. More prepositional phrases
2. Prepositions can have participial VP objects:
a. After watching the game
b. Before talking to John
c. By selecting the right channel
II. More prepositional phrases
3. Prepositions can have PP objects:
a. Hortense walked out on the bridge.
b. They looked down in the basement.
c. Edward flew up in the clouds.
II. More Prepositional Phrases
PS RULE:
NP
PP -> (MOD) P S
VP
PP
II. More Prepositional Phrases
Summary
PPs can have:
No complement = Particle
NP complement
S complement (subordinating preposition)
Participial VP complement
PP complement (complex prepositional phrases)
