creating two thematic maps, and writing a short paper

Economic Insights

Catalogue no. 11-626-X — No. 047 ISSN 1927-503X ISBN 978-0-660-02647-3

by René Morissette and Hanqing Qiu Social Analysis and Modelling Division

Interprovincial Employment in Canada, 2002 to 2011

Release date: June 29, 2015

Standard table symbols The following symbols are used in Statistics Canada publications:

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1 Economic Insights, no. 047, June 2015 • Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 11-626-X

Interprovincial Employment in Canada, 2002 to 2011

This article in the Economic Insights series presents an overview of interprovincial paid employment over the 2002-to-2011 period. Interprovincial workers are individuals who maintain a permanent residence in a given province or territory but work in another. The results are based on Statistics Canada’s Canadian Employer-Employee Dynamics Database and pertain to employees aged 18 or older who earned at least $1,000 in 2002 dollars.

Interprovincial Employment in Canada, 2002 to 2011 by René Morissette and Hanqing Qiu, Social Analysis and Modelling Division

1. See Day and Winer (2012) for a review of the Canadian literature on interprovincial migration. 2. Laporte, Lu, and Schellenberg (2013) sketch a profile of interprovincial employees working in Alberta; Laporte and Lu (2013) quantify the number of interprovincial

employees coming from or working in different provinces during the 2004-to-2009 period. Interprovincial employment estimates in this article may differ slightly from those in Laporte and Lu (2013) because of updates and revisions to the data files being used.

Introduction In Canada, unemployment rates typically vary across regions. Over the past four decades, the Atlantic provinces have displayed higher rates than the central provinces of Quebec and Ontario or the Western provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia (Chart 1). Along with factors such as cross-regional differences in general economic performance and wage growth, these unemployment disparities provide employ- ees with the incentives to migrate or to become interprovincial employees, that is, to accept jobs in other provinces while maintaining residence in their home province.

While several Canadian studies have analyzed the magnitude and correlates of interprovincial migration in the past,1 far fewer studies have examined interprovincial paid employment. Recent research has partly filled this gap,2 but many questions remain unanswered. One issue is the degree to which interprovincial employment represents a significant source of employment income for the home provinces of interprovincial employees. Interprovincial paid employment might be expected to be relatively more important in small sending provinces (for instance, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland and Labrador) than in

Chart 1 Unemployment rate by region, 1976 to 2014

Note: Western provinces include Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Bristish Columbia. Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Survey.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

rate (percent)

Atlantic provinces Quebec and Ontario Western provinces

2 Economic Insights, no. 047, June 2015 • Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 11-626-X Interprovincial Employment in Canada, 2002 to 2011

larger ones. The degree to which sending provinces’ aggregate employment income comes from interprovincial employment may also vary with the business cycle and world commodity prices.3 Indeed, as labour market opportunities declined and oil prices fell after the onset of the 2008/2009 global economic recession, interprovincial employment may have become a less important source of income than it had been previously. A second issue is whether interprovincial employees derive their earnings mainly from interprovincial employment or use it as a secondary source of income. On average, what percentage of interprovincial employees’ earnings comes from interprovincial employment? How does this vary by sex and age group? More generally, how does the likelihood of being an interprovincial employee vary across these dimensions? This article answers these questions using data from Statistics Canada’s Canadian Employer-Employee Dynamics Database (CEEDD).

Small provinces have a greater percentage of their workforce involved in interprovincial employment than larger ones From 2002 to 2004, about 340,000 individuals aged 18 or older were interprovincial employees, accounting for 2.7% of the paid workforce (Chart 2). With economic expansion and rising world oil prices in subsequent years, interprovincial employment grew almost steadily, reaching a peak of roughly 445,000 in 2008.4 As the Canadian economy entered a recession and oil prices dropped, the number of interprovincial employees fell to 394,000 in 2009. The subsequent economic recovery and rebound in commodity prices brought the total to about 420,000 (or 3% of the paid workforce) in 2011.5,6 Small provinces had a larger percentage of their paid workforce involved in interprovincial employment than did larger ones. Throughout most of the 2002-to-2011 period, interprovincial

3. The natural resource sector (including mining, oil and gas extraction, forestry products) is a relatively important segment of the Canadian economy. Increases in world prices for commodities such as crude oil, potash, and wood products—which raise output in this sector—may create substantial employment opportunities either directly or indirectly. These new employment opportunities may induce some workers to become interprovincial employees

4. As will be shown below (Table 7), the increase in interprovincial employees working in Alberta accounts for about two-thirds of the growth in the number of interprovincial employees in Canada from 2004 to 2008.

5. The data in this paper for the years 2002 to 2009 are derived from the T1 Personal Master File (T1PMF), augmented with data from the T1 Historical File (T1H). Because the T1H is not available after 2009, the estimates for 2010 and 2011 are from the T1PMF and include province- or territory-specific adjustment factors. These adjustment factors are computed by comparing, over the 2003-to-2009 period, the T1PMF estimates with those obtained after augmenting T1PMF with T1H.

6. The conventional crude oil price index fell from 128.1 in January 2014 to 78.3 in March 2015 (CANSIM table 330-0008).

Chart 2 Oil prices and number of interprovincial employees in Canada, 2002 to 2011

Note: Data for the number of interprovincial employees are not available after 2011. Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Employer-Employee Dynamics Database and CANSIM table 330-0008.

conventional crude oil price index

number of interprovincial employees

Interprovincial employees Conventional crude oil price index

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0

300,000

320,000

340,000

360,000

380,000

400,000

420,000

440,000

460,000

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

3 Economic Insights, no. 047, June 2015 • Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 11-626-X

Interprovincial Employment in Canada, 2002 to 2011

7. Throughout the study, average annual paid employment, as measured from the Labour Force Survey (LFS), is used a denominator to estimate the incidence of interprovincial employment. An alternative strategy is to use as a denominator the number of individuals who have positive wages and salaries in a given year, as measured from the CEEDD data. Such an approach was used in Laporte, Lu, and Schellenberg (2013). Contrary to an LFS-based denominator, a CEEDD-based denominator is sensitive to changes in the number of short-term jobs. Since such changes might generate spurious movements in the incidence of interprovincial employment, the LFS-based denominator is used here. Because the LFS covered only about 70% of the Nunavut population before 2009, estimates of the incidence of interprovincial employment for Nunavut are based on the years 2009 to 2011.

8. Without the economic region of Outaouais, 73% of interprovincial employment income in Quebec came from Ontario in 2011. Without the economic region of Ottawa, 24% and 31% of interprovincial employment income in Ontario came from Quebec and Alberta, respectively.

employees who lived in Newfoundland and Labrador or Yukon represented at least 10% of the paid workforce of these jurisdictions.7 The corresponding percentages generally varied between 5% and 10% for Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Saskatchewan, and the Northwest Territories (Table 1). By contrast, interprovincial employees residing in Ontario represented, at most, 1.7% of the paid workforce of that province. About 3% of Quebec’s employees were employed in another province or territory, a percentage that drops by more than half when Outaouais residents—many of whom work in Ottawa for the federal government—are excluded (Chart 3). Interprovincial employees from Manitoba, Alberta or British Columbia represented roughly 3% of the paid workforces of these provinces over the study period.

Interprovincial employment accounts for a substantial percentage of aggregate wages and salaries of small provinces Because small provinces have proportionately more of their residents involved in interprovincial employment than do larger ones, they draw a greater percentage of their aggregate wages and salaries from interprovincial work. For example, 8.5% of the total wages and salaries earned in 2011 by all employees residing in Newfoundland and Labrador came from interprovincial employment (Table 2). This was more than twice as high as that for the territories or the four largest provinces—Quebec, Ontario, Alberta, and British Columbia. The corresponding percentages for Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick were 6.2%, 4.5%, and 4.6%, respectively. For Newfoundland and Labrador, Saskatchewan, and British Columbia, more than half of the interprovincial employment income received in 2011 came from Alberta (Table 3). Wages and salaries earned in Alberta also accounted for 31% to 45% of interprovincial employment income received that year by Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Manitoba, and the Northwest Territories. Quebec drew 92% of its interprovincial employment income from Ontario, while Ontario obtained more than half of its interprovincial employment income from Quebec, partly owing to Outaouais residents working in Ottawa and Ottawa residents working in Gatineau for the federal government.8 Almost half of Yukon’s interprovincial earnings were from British Columbia. The Northwest Territories, Ontario, and Quebec were the three largest sources of interprovincial earnings for Nunavut residents. Earnings from interprovincial employment also represent a major source of interprovincial employees’ total employment income. From 2002 to 2011, interprovincial employees from Quebec or Newfoundland and Labrador drew, on average, four-fifths of their annual wages and salaries from work done outside their province (Table 4). For all provinces except Alberta, an average of at least 60% of interprovincial employees’ earnings came from interprovincial employment. At the other end of the spectrum, interprovincial employees from the Northwest Territories or Nunavut obtained no more than half of their employment income from interprovincial work. Thus, for the majority of interprovincial employees, interprovincial employment was their main source of employment income (Chart 4).

Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Employer-Employee Dynamics Database.

Chart 3 Interprovincial employees as a percentage of paid employment in province of residence, 2011 percent

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

Quebec Quebec without Outaouais

Ontario Ontario without Ottawa

4 Economic Insights, no. 047, June 2015 • Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 11-626-X Interprovincial Employment in Canada, 2002 to 2011

Differences by age and sex The incidence of interprovincial employment varies by sex and age. Men from all provinces and territories except Nunavut are more likely than women to be interprovincial employees (Chart 5).9 During the 2002-to-2011 period, the incidence of interprovincial employment among males in Newfoundland and Labrador averaged 17.0%, three times the rate (5.5%) among women (Table 5). For Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan, the rate of interprovincial employment among men was roughly twice that among women. Interprovincial employment is also most prevalent among younger employees. For all provinces and territories except Nunavut, women aged 18 to 24 were more likely to be inter- provincial employees than were women aged 25 or older. Similarly, for all provinces and territories except Quebec and Yukon, men aged 18 to 24 were more likely than older men to be involved in interprovincial employment. The share of earnings that interprovincial employees obtained from interprovincial employment also varies by age and sex. Men typically derive a larger share of their annual wages and salaries from interprovincial employment than do women (Table 6). For instance, in 2011, 72% to 84% of the earnings of male interprovincial employees from the Atlantic provinces came from interprovincial employment, figures that exceed those of their female counterparts by about 12 percentage points.

For all provinces and most territories, interprovincial employees aged 18 to 24 generally drew a smaller share of their total annual wages and salaries from interprovincial employment than did older employees. Hence, while young employees were involved in interprovincial employment more frequently than older employees, they relied on interprovincial employment as an income source to a lesser extent.

Interprovincial employees in receiving provinces Thus far, interprovincial employment has been discussed from the perspective of the province or territory of residence (i.e. in terms of ‘sending’ provinces). It is also worthwhile considering it from the perspective of the province or territory of employment (or ‘receiving’ provinces). In absolute terms, 436,500 interprovincial employees worked in ‘receiving’ provinces or territories in 2011. Some of these individuals worked interprovincially in two or more provinces and hence the number of interprovincial employees in ‘receiving’ provinces exceeded the number from ‘sending’ provinces noted above. Ontario received the largest number of interprovincial employees in 2011 (Table 7) owing to the size of the provincial economy and employment flows within the Outaouais region.

9. As mentioned above, the LFS covered only about 70% of the Nunavut population before 2009. For this reason, data for Nunavut are averaged over the 2009-to-2011 period.

Chart 5 Interprovincial employees as a percentage of paid employment in province or territory of residence, by sex, 2002-to-2011 average

Note: Employees aged 18 or older earning at least $1,000 (in 2002 dollars). For Nunavut, numbers are averaged over the 2009-to-2011 period. Sources: Statistics Canada, Canadian Employer-Employee Dynamics Database and Labour Force Survey.

percent

Prince Edward Island

Nova Scotia

New Brunswick

Quebec

Ontario

Manitoba

Saskatchewan

Alberta

British Columbia

Northwest Territories

Yukon

Nunavut

Provinces and territories

Newfoundland and Labrador

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Women Men

Chart 4 Percentage of interprovincial employees receiving 50% or more of wages and salaries from interprovincial employment, 2011

Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Employer-Employee Dynamics Database.

percent

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Newfoundland and Labrador

Prince Edward Island

Nova Scotia

New Brunswick

Quebec

Ontario

Manitoba

Saskatchewan

Alberta

British Columbia

Northwest Territories

Yukon

Nunavut

Provinces and territories

5 Economic Insights, no. 047, June 2015 • Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 11-626-X

Interprovincial Employment in Canada, 2002 to 2011

In Alberta, the number of interprovincial employees reached 132,500 in 2008, and after declining to about 100,000 in 2009 and 2010 rebounded to almost 111,000 in 2011. Throughout most of the 2002-to-2011 period, interprovincial employees working in Quebec represented about 1.5% of the paid workforce of that province. Interprovincial employees working in Newfoundland and Labrador, Ontario, Manitoba and British Columbia represented from 2.5% to 3.0% of the paid workforce of these provinces (Table 8). The corresponding percentages for Saskatchewan and Alberta were about 6.5% in 2011, up from 4% to 5% in the early 2000s. Interprovincial employees working in Yukon, Nunavut, or the Northwest Territories represented at least one-fifth of the paid workforce of these territories in 2011. Interprovincial employees received approximately $13.7 billion in wages and salaries (expressed in 2002 dollars) in 2011 (Table 9). Of all receiving provinces, Saskatchewan registered the largest share of employment income paid to interprovincial employees in 2011, at 4.5%, followed by Alberta, at 3.7% (Chart 6 and Table 10). In the territories, the share of employment income paid to interprovincial employees that year was substantially larger and varied between 9.9% and 22.6%.

Summary This article assessed the relative importance of interprovincial paid employment from the perspective of sending and receiving provinces of interprovincial employees. After a steady rise from 2002 to 2008, the number of interprovincial employees fell in 2009, but increased thereafter. By 2011, interprovincial employees accounted for 3% of employees in Canada, and 9% to 11% of the paid workforce residing in Newfoundland and Labrador, Yukon, and Nunavut. In recent years, wages and salaries earned in other provinces made up a substantial percentage of aggregate earnings of residents of Saskatchewan, Yukon and the Atlantic provinces, especially Newfoundland and Labrador. Wages and salaries earned in other provinces were also the main source of employment income for the majority of interprovincial employees, indicating that interprovincial employment is, at least temporarily, a key determinant of the living standards of a subset of the workforce. Men were more likely than women to be interprovincial employees, and male interprovincial employees received a larger share of their total earnings from interprovincial employment than women did. For both sexes, employees younger than 25 were more likely to be interprovincial employees than were those aged 25 or older, but obtained a smaller share of their earnings from interprovincial employment. Of all provinces receiving interprovincial employees, Saskat- chewan had the largest share of employment income paid to interprovincial employees in 2011 (4.5%). Using this metric, interprovincial employment played an even larger role in the territories. The data in this article are cross-sectional, and do not indicate whether spells of interprovincial employment are of short or long duration. As well, the series ends in 2011 and does not capture the impact of changing economic conditions since 2011, including the recent sharp drop in world oil prices (since the mid-2014) on the number of interprovincial employees. Investigating these issues as more recent data become available is a task for future analyses.

Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Employer-Employee Dynamics Database.

Chart 6 Percentage of provincial T4 earnings paid to interprovincial employees, selected provinces of employment, 2002 to 2011 percent

Newfoundland and Labrador Saskatchewan

Alberta British Columbia

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

References Day, K., and S.L. Winer. 2012. Interregional Migration and Public Policy in Canada. McGill-Queen’s University Press.

Laporte, C., and Y. Lu. 2013. Inter-provincial Employees in Canada. Economic Insights, no. 29. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-626-X. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.

Laporte, C., Y. Lu, and G. Schellenberg. 2013. Inter-provincial Employees in Alberta. Analytical Studies Branch Research Paper Series, no. 350. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11F0019M. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.

6 Economic Insights, no. 047, June 2015 • Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 11-626-X Interprovincial Employment in Canada, 2002 to 2011

Table 1 Number and percentage of interprovincial employees by province or territory of residence, 2002 to 2011

Interprovincial employees in:

Newfoundland and

Labrador

Prince Edward

Island Nova

Scotia New

Brunswick Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saskatch-

ewan Alberta British

Columbia Northwest Territories Yukon Nunavut

number 2002 18,075 3,378 16,290 15,059 91,356 71,933 13,468 21,269 45,219 41,629 1,924 1,827 2,361 2003 17,670 3,496 16,108 14,941 90,650 69,600 12,892 22,667 43,620 42,460 1,865 1,855 1,858 2004 17,586 3,621 16,152 14,183 91,338 68,672 13,368 24,230 46,646 43,998 1,765 1,785 1,602 2005 19,477 4,040 18,808 16,515 95,974 72,231 15,480 26,638 53,349 47,709 1,826 1,857 1,050 2006 23,049 4,985 21,493 17,787 99,655 82,784 16,107 29,796 59,414 51,819 1,822 1,957 977 2007 24,998 5,280 23,211 19,711 103,984 88,348 16,479 30,537 57,332 56,782 1,944 1,971 968 2008 26,523 5,443 24,339 19,973 105,793 91,849 16,685 30,979 58,275 60,517 1,793 1,900 1,220 2009 21,969 4,671 20,699 16,556 100,195 83,603 14,137 26,140 47,721 54,091 1,434 1,672 794 2010 21,440 4,435 20,600 16,698 100,343 83,532 14,446 26,199 50,419 57,050 1,396 1,616 1,447 2011 20,464 5,036 21,808 18,399 101,465 86,539 15,905 28,388 54,065 64,181 1,558 1,756 963

percent of paid employment 2002 10.2 6.6 4.6 5.2 3.0 1.4 2.9 6.0 3.4 2.7 10.4 15.1 .. 2003 9.8 6.6 4.4 5.2 3.0 1.4 2.8 6.3 3.2 2.7 10.1 15.4 .. 2004 9.6 6.7 4.4 4.8 2.9 1.3 2.9 6.6 3.3 2.7 9.1 13.6 .. 2005 10.7 7.4 5.1 5.6 3.1 1.4 3.3 7.2 3.8 2.9 9.1 13.8 .. 2006 12.6 9.1 5.7 6.0 3.2 1.6 3.4 7.9 3.9 3.1 9.1 14.3 .. 2007 13.2 9.4 6.1 6.5 3.3 1.6 3.4 7.8 3.6 3.3 9.8 14.5 .. 2008 13.8 9.5 6.4 6.5 3.3 1.7 3.4 7.7 3.6 3.4 9.1 12.9 .. 2009 11.5 8.4 5.5 5.4 3.1 1.6 2.8 6.4 3.0 3.2 7.6 11.5 7.9 2010 11.0 7.9 5.4 5.5 3.1 1.6 2.9 6.3 3.1 3.3 7.3 11.3 13.7 2011 9.9 8.5 5.7 6.1 3.0 1.6 3.1 6.7 3.2 3.6 7.6 11.0 8.9

.. not available for a specific reference period Note: Employees aged 18 older earning at least $1,000 (in 2002 dollars). The percentage of interprovincial employees is computed by dividing the number of interprovincial employees by average annual paid employment among individuals aged 18 or older in the province or territory of residence, as measured from the Labour Force Survey (LFS). Before 2009, the LFS covered only 70% of the population of Nunavut. For this reason, percentages for Nunavut are shown starting in 2009. Sources: Statistics Canada, Canadian Employer-Employee Dynamics Database and Labour Force Survey.

Table 2 Percentage of aggregate wages and salaries (earned by residents of a given province or territory) coming from interprovincial employment

Year

Newfoundland and

Labrador

Prince Edward

Island Nova

Scotia New

Brunswick Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saskatch

-ewan Alberta British

Columbia Northwest Territories Yukon Nunavut

percent 2002 4.8 2.9 2.4 2.6 2.6 0.9 1.6 2.8 1.6 1.2 2.8 4.8 4.6 2003 4.6 3.1 2.4 2.4 2.7 0.8 1.5 3.2 1.5 1.2 2.5 4.8 3.8 2004 4.6 2.9 2.5 2.4 2.7 0.8 1.5 3.7 1.5 1.3 2.4 4.3 3.0 2005 5.6 3.4 2.9 3.0 2.8 0.9 1.8 4.1 1.6 1.5 2.5 5.1 3.2 2006 7.6 4.5 3.5 3.4 2.9 0.9 2.0 4.7 1.5 1.6 2.6 5.4 3.2 2007 9.2 5.3 4.1 4.0 3.0 1.0 2.0 4.9 1.5 1.8 2.6 5.4 3.0 2008 11.1 6.3 4.7 4.6 3.0 1.1 2.1 5.1 1.4 2.1 2.4 5.0 3.4 2009 8.3 5.1 3.9 3.6 3.1 1.1 1.8 4.1 1.3 2.0 1.9 4.2 2.1 2010 8.8 5.2 4.1 4.0 3.1 1.1 1.9 4.2 1.6 2.2 2.1 3.6 2.1 2011 8.5 6.2 4.5 4.6 3.1 1.2 2.3 4.6 1.5 2.6 2.4 4.2 2.0

Note: Aggregate wages and salaries earned by employees aged 18 or older earning at least $1,000 (in 2002 dollars). Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Employer-Employee Dynamics Database.

APPENDIX

7 Economic Insights, no. 047, June 2015 • Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 11-626-X

Interprovincial Employment in Canada, 2002 to 2011

Table 3 Source of interprovincial employment income by province or territory of residence, 2011

Province or territory of residence Source of interprovincial employment income

Newfoundland and

Labrador

Prince Edward

Island Nova

Scotia New

Brunswick Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saskatch

-ewan Alberta British

Columbia Northwest Territories Yukon Nunavut

percent Newfoundland and Labrador ... 2.5 7.0 3.0 0.6 1.2 0.4 0.2 1.3 0.4 1.7 0.1 4.1 Prince Edward Island 2.2 ... 2.7 1.5 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.7 0.1 1.2 Nova Scotia 7.4 13.8 ... 17.6 0.6 2.6 0.6 0.2 1.1 0.8 3.6 0.3 4.5 New Brunswick 3.1 11.3 10.8 ... 1.2 1.7 0.6 0.2 0.8 0.3 1.0 0.3 2.6 Quebec 2.4 2.2 3.5 9.7 ... 57.8 2.3 0.8 3.3 3.3 1.9 2.1 13.6 Ontario 14.2 12.7 22.3 16.9 91.7 ... 23.7 6.6 23.6 20.7 13.7 6.7 19.4 Manitoba 1.7 1.8 1.0 1.9 0.4 3.7 ... 8.0 3.4 2.1 2.8 1.2 8.8 Saskatchewan 1.6 5.1 5.0 6.1 0.6 4.3 31.3 ... 27.4 4.4 4.5 3.0 3.3 Alberta 56.6 45.3 39.0 36.9 2.3 17.0 30.6 77.0 ... 60.4 39.1 20.8 8.3 British Columbia 2.6 2.8 4.4 2.9 1.1 8.4 6.6 4.5 32.5 ... 9.0 47.5 2.4 Northwest Territories 3.7 0.9 2.3 1.4 0.1 1.2 1.6 2.0 4.8 4.0 ... 15.8 31.8 Yukon 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.6 2.5 5.1 ... 0.0 Nunavut 3.7 1.3 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.9 0.4 0.9 0.8 16.9 1.8 ... Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

... not applicable Note: Numbers may not add to 100.0 because of rounding. Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Employer-Employee Dynamics Database.

Table 4 Average share of wages and salaries of interprovincial employees coming from interprovincial employment, by province or territory of residence, 2002 to 2011

Year

Newfoundland and

Labrador

Prince Edward

Island Nova

Scotia New

Brunswick Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saskatch

-ewan Alberta British

Columbia Northwest Territories Yukon Nunavut

percent 2002 77.5 59.5 67.0 65.9 81.7 68.6 60.0 67.4 57.7 62.5 46.8 54.7 37.5 2003 79.0 61.8 67.4 65.1 82.8 70.0 60.8 68.2 58.6 63.3 46.3 56.3 36.2 2004 78.1 60.0 67.4 66.4 83.0 70.1 61.3 68.8 58.1 62.8 46.6 53.0 34.3 2005 76.8 60.7 66.6 65.9 82.1 70.2 63.6 67.6 56.0 61.6 47.2 58.5 41.8 2006 80.9 62.6 68.9 67.6 81.4 69.4 62.9 68.6 53.6 62.7 46.5 59.2 51.1 2007 80.5 64.2 69.5 67.5 81.8 69.4 63.5 69.9 52.6 63.1 46.2 58.8 49.0 2008 81.9 67.5 70.8 70.2 81.5 71.1 63.4 69.5 53.2 64.9 47.7 59.1 48.2 2009 81.1 66.8 71.1 70.9 84.0 73.8 65.0 70.5 57.6 69.0 48.3 56.9 44.7 2010 82.1 67.6 71.6 71.6 84.4 73.9 65.2 70.0 58.4 69.3 50.7 54.9 29.6 2011 81.0 68.8 73.2 73.4 84.5 74.4 67.3 70.2 58.8 70.0 51.6 58.3 45.0

Note: Interprovincial employees aged 18 or older earning at least $1,000 (in 2002 dollars). Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Employer-Employee Dynamics Database.

8 Economic Insights, no. 047, June 2015 • Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 11-626-X Interprovincial Employment in Canada, 2002 to 2011

Table 6 Average share of wages and salaries of interprovincial employees coming from interprovincial employment, by age group, sex and province or territory of residence, 2011

Province or territory of residence

Sex and age group

Newfoundland and

Labrador

Prince Edward

Island Nova

Scotia New

Brunswick Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saskatch

-ewan Alberta British

Columbia Northwest Territories Yukon Nunavut

percent Men aged 18 or older 83.6 72.0 76.3 76.5 83.8 75.1 69.4 71.4 59.5 72.1 54.4 62.2 49.0 18 to 24 75.7 59.6 68.1 67.4 67.4 65.3 61.1 63.1 52.1 66.8 50.4 54.4 49.0 25 to 34 81.9 70.6 73.3 72.8 80.1 71.2 68.4 70.9 54.8 69.0 51.9 55.7 52.2 35 to 44 84.2 77.3 77.1 76.7 87.0 77.6 70.5 74.8 61.4 72.6 53.9 61.6 44.3 45 to 54 86.1 79.6 80.5 81.6 89.4 81.3 75.3 76.6 66.4 75.7 57.0 69.0 46.6 55 to 64 87.8 78.8 83.2 83.1 90.2 84.8 77.6 77.7 69.9 80.4 61.0 77.4 51.9 65 or older 87.1 82.2 87.5 87.7 89.8 85.4 79.9 82.3 79.2 84.2 86.2 82.1 71.5 Women aged 18 older 71.7 59.6 65.6 65.2 85.9 73.6 61.3 67.7 58.1 66.0 46.8 52.6 38.8 18 to 24 60.5 53.4 60.3 60.9 64.1 62.4 56.2 61.3 53.3 59.7 48.0 50.2 41.7 25 to 34 63.8 62.2 64.5 64.1 84.0 71.7 58.7 67.3 55.6 63.2 43.5 52.8 30.8 35 to 44 73.0 63.0 70.0 64.4 91.1 81.1 65.2 71.5 61.7 69.9 48.3 52.8 45.6 45 to 54 78.8 70.2 71.0 70.7 92.9 84.3 68.1 74.0 63.0 71.0 48.1 56.0 34.5 55 to 64 81.7 64.1 76.0 75.2 93.3 86.3 67.9 75.5 71.5 78.2 48.8 52.8 46.5 65 or older 78.9 70.8 83.5 82.5 92.9 89.1 84.1 84.0 83.4 87.5 52.9 62.4 23.0

Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Employer-Employee Dynamics Database.

Table 5 Prevalence of interprovincial employment, by age group, sex, and province or territory of residence, 2002 to 2011

Province or territory of residence

Sex and age group

Newfoundland and

Labrador

Prince Edward

Island Nova

Scotia New

Brunswick Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saskatch

-ewan Alberta British

Columbia Northwest Territories Yukon Nunavut

percent Men aged 18 or older 17.0 11.5 7.3 7.8 3.4 1.7 4.1 9.3 4.0 4.0 10.2 16.8 9.0 18 to 24 25.0 20.8 12.5 13.4 4.0 3.2 7.3 16.6 6.7 7.0 20.7 28.1 14.8 25 to 34 17.4 12.9 7.6 7.6 3.3 1.8 4.6 10.5 4.4 4.3 11.7 20.4 8.9 35 to 44 15.4 9.5 5.9 6.4 3.3 1.2 3.0 7.2 3.1 2.8 8.1 13.9 7.7 45 to 54 14.5 8.4 5.8 6.4 3.2 1.3 2.8 6.1 2.9 2.9 6.6 11.4 7.5 55 to 64 16.6 7.9 6.7 7.4 3.3 1.6 3.2 6.2 3.2 3.5 7.2 15.4 8.1 65 or older 20.0 8.1 8.9 10.2 4.7 2.3 4.6 7.6 4.3 7.0 F F F Women aged 18 older 5.5 5.0 3.4 3.6 2.8 1.3 2.1 4.5 2.7 2.2 7.5 9.9 11.5 18 to 24 14.7 16.8 10.5 11.2 3.5 3.1 5.4 11.7 6.1 5.6 20.2 30.3 12.5 25 to 34 4.7 4.9 3.6 3.6 2.9 1.4 2.3 4.7 3.0 2.5 8.9 13.0 9.1 35 to 44 3.3 2.4 1.9 2.1 2.8 0.8 1.2 2.9 1.7 1.3 4.3 5.9 10.8 45 to 54 4.2 2.0 1.6 1.9 2.5 0.8 1.1 2.5 1.5 1.2 4.1 5.4 13.4 55 to 64 5.5 2.3 1.9 2.1 2.2 0.9 1.2 2.5 1.5 1.5 4.7 5.8 13.9 65 or older 7.6 3.4 2.8 3.5 2.7 1.3 1.8 3.7 2.2 3.4 F F F

F too unreliable to be published Note: Prevalence of interprovicial employment among employees aged 18 or older earning at least $1,000 (in 2002 dollars). The percentage of interprovincial employees is computed by dividing the number of interprovincial employees by average annual paid employment among individuals aged 18 or older, as measured from the Labour Force Survey. Numbers for Nunavut are averaged over the 2009-to-2011 period. Sources: Statistics Canada, Canadian Employer-Employee Dynamics Database and Labour Force Survey.

9 Economic Insights, no. 047, June 2015 • Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 11-626-X

Interprovincial Employment in Canada, 2002 to 2011

Table 7 Number of interprovincial employees, by province or territory of employment

Province or territory of employment Newfoundland

and Labrador

Prince Edward

Island Nova

Scotia New

Brunswick Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saskatch

-ewan Alberta British

Columbia Northwest Territories Yukon Nunavut

number Total 2002 4,265 3,075 17,895 11,808 49,523 123,527 10,916 15,883 65,934 38,382 8,990 1,926 2,424 2003 4,285 3,376 17,919 12,522 47,238 124,457 11,632 15,080 64,388 38,237 6,953 1,617 2,477 2004 4,080 3,274 17,806 12,162 46,052 125,787 11,254 14,552 68,160 41,220 6,622 1,604 2,655 2005 4,935 3,079 18,199 13,274 47,870 135,409 11,827 15,907 80,879 45,339 7,112 1,791 2,670 2006 5,432 3,726 18,469 14,414 50,914 137,003 12,074 16,817 107,548 49,437 7,272 2,013 2,424 2007 5,475 3,615 18,595 14,892 51,161 138,243 13,057 17,169 122,668 49,926 8,569 2,490 2,772 2008 6,044 3,416 17,772 15,505 49,758 140,977 13,899 19,721 132,455 49,805 8,270 2,505 3,394 2009 5,241 3,238 16,099 14,097 48,247 131,475 13,888 19,807 101,513 41,763 5,796 2,281 3,447 2010 5,687 3,119 16,170 13,870 47,540 132,796 13,540 22,550 99,590 44,012 8,135 2,852 3,882 2011 6,260 3,198 16,424 13,315 49,557 137,055 12,867 28,224 110,581 44,468 6,418 3,552 4,604 Men 2002 2,565 1,691 10,803 7,338 26,250 70,389 6,574 10,243 45,487 23,679 6,133 1,178 1,744 2003 2,565 1,907 10,643 7,893 25,794 71,450 7,169 10,001 43,185 24,194 4,701 858 1,795 2004 2,415 1,779 10,224 7,617 25,702 71,144 6,858 9,120 46,021 25,858 4,723 831 1,847 2005 3,002 1,832 10,453 8,342 26,837 78,311 7,268 10,072 57,595 28,631 5,263 980 1,925 2006 3,165 2,140 10,705 9,225 27,665 78,422 7,404 10,635 77,354 31,056 5,616 1,153 1,716 2007 3,223 2,137 10,748 9,607 27,993 78,444 8,132 10,871 88,158 30,928 6,843 1,515 1,990 2008 3,326 1,967 10,384 10,217 28,147 79,492 9,013 13,240 97,247 30,002 6,472 1,450 2,436 2009 3,104 1,933 9,418 9,270 26,810 72,625 9,073 13,834 73,682 24,720 4,369 1,393 2,577 2010 3,327 1,837 9,518 9,080 26,308 74,647 8,989 16,650 74,244 26,931 5,055 1,938 2,921 2011 4,042 1,858 9,619 8,568 27,479 77,450 8,430 21,581 83,310 28,271 5,054 2,443 3,537 Women 2002 1,700 1,384 7,092 4,470 23,273 53,138 4,342 5,640 20,447 14,703 2,857 748 680 2003 1,720 1,469 7,276 4,629 21,444 53,007 4,463 5,079 21,203 14,043 2,252 759 682 2004 1,665 1,495 7,582 4,545 20,350 54,643 4,396 5,432 22,139 15,362 1,899 773 808 2005 1,933 1,247 7,746 4,932 21,033 57,098 4,559 5,835 23,284 16,708 1,849 811 745 2006 2,267 1,586 7,764 5,189 23,249 58,581 4,670 6,182 30,194 18,381 1,656 860 708 2007 2,252 1,478 7,847 5,285 23,168 59,799 4,925 6,298 34,510 18,998 1,726 975 782 2008 2,718 1,449 7,388 5,288 21,611 61,485 4,886 6,481 35,208 19,803 1,798 1,055 958 2009 2,137 1,305 6,680 4,827 21,437 58,850 4,815 5,973 27,831 17,043 1,427 888 870 2010 2,361 1,283 6,653 4,793 21,232 58,138 4,563 5,944 25,406 17,071 3,083 920 961 2011 2,223 1,341 6,806 4,748 22,078 59,599 4,446 6,713 27,349 16,215 1,364 1,117 1,069

Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Employer-Employee Dynamics Database.

10 Economic Insights, no. 047, June 2015 • Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 11-626-X Interprovincial Employment in Canada, 2002 to 2011

Table 8 Interprovincial employees as a percentage of provincial or territorial workforce

Province or territory of employment Newfoundland

and Labrador

Prince Edward

Island Nova

Scotia New

Brunswick Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saskatch

-ewan Alberta British

Columbia Northwest Territories Yukon Nunavut

percent Total 2002 2.4 6.0 5.1 4.1 1.6 2.5 2.4 4.5 4.9 2.5 48.8 15.9 .. 2003 2.4 6.4 4.9 4.3 1.5 2.4 2.5 4.2 4.7 2.4 37.6 13.4 .. 2004 2.2 6.0 4.8 4.1 1.5 2.4 2.4 4.0 4.9 2.6 34.2 12.2 .. 2005 2.7 5.6 4.9 4.5 1.5 2.6 2.5 4.3 5.7 2.8 35.5 13.3 .. 2006 3.0 6.8 4.9 4.8 1.6 2.6 2.5 4.5 7.1 3.0 36.3 14.7 .. 2007 2.9 6.4 4.9 4.9 1.6 2.6 2.7 4.4 7.7 2.9 43.3 18.3 .. 2008 3.1 6.0 4.7 5.1 1.5 2.6 2.8 4.9 8.1 2.8 41.8 17.0 .. 2009 2.8 5.8 4.3 4.6 1.5 2.5 2.8 4.9 6.3 2.5 30.6 15.7 34.1 2010 2.9 5.6 4.2 4.6 1.4 2.5 2.7 5.5 6.1 2.5 42.3 19.9 36.6 2011 3.0 5.4 4.3 4.4 1.5 2.5 2.5 6.7 6.5 2.5 31.5 22.3 42.6 Men 2002 2.9 7.0 6.2 5.0 1.7 2.7 2.9 5.9 6.4 3.0 64.9 21.0 .. 2003 2.8 7.6 5.9 5.5 1.6 2.7 3.1 5.6 6.0 3.0 49.1 15.1 .. 2004 2.6 6.9 5.5 5.2 1.6 2.7 2.9 5.0 6.3 3.2 45.9 13.3 .. 2005 3.3 7.2 5.7 5.7 1.7 2.9 3.1 5.5 7.7 3.5 49.7 15.0 .. 2006 3.5 8.4 5.9 6.3 1.7 2.9 3.1 5.7 9.7 3.7 54.1 16.9 .. 2007 3.4 8.0 5.9 6.4 1.7 2.9 3.3 5.5 10.5 3.5 68.4 22.7 .. 2008 3.5 7.3 5.7 6.8 1.7 2.9 3.6 6.6 11.2 3.4 62.9 20.2 .. 2009 3.3 7.3 5.2 6.1 1.7 2.8 3.6 6.8 8.7 3.0 44.6 19.7 49.2 2010 3.5 7.1 5.2 6.0 1.6 2.8 3.6 8.0 8.7 3.1 50.4 27.3 51.1 2011 3.9 6.7 5.2 5.7 1.6 2.9 3.3 10.0 9.4 3.2 48.1 31.1 61.3 Women 2002 1.9 5.1 4.0 3.1 1.6 2.2 1.9 3.2 3.2 1.9 31.9 11.5 .. 2003 1.9 5.3 4.0 3.2 1.5 2.1 2.0 2.8 3.3 1.8 25.2 11.9 .. 2004 1.8 5.3 4.1 3.0 1.3 2.1 1.9 2.9 3.3 1.9 20.9 11.1 .. 2005 2.1 4.3 4.1 3.3 1.4 2.2 2.0 3.1 3.5 2.1 19.6 11.7 .. 2006 2.4 5.4 4.0 3.4 1.5 2.2 2.0 3.3 4.3 2.2 17.1 12.6 .. 2007 2.4 5.0 4.0 3.4 1.5 2.2 2.1 3.2 4.6 2.2 17.7 14.0 .. 2008 2.8 4.8 3.7 3.4 1.4 2.3 2.0 3.2 4.6 2.3 19.0 14.0 .. 2009 2.2 4.5 3.4 3.1 1.4 2.2 2.0 2.9 3.6 2.0 15.6 11.9 17.9 2010 2.3 4.3 3.4 3.1 1.3 2.1 1.8 2.9 3.3 1.9 33.4 12.7 19.7 2011 2.1 4.3 3.5 3.1 1.3 2.1 1.8 3.3 3.4 1.8 13.8 13.8 21.2

.. not available for a specific reference period Note: Labour Force Survey coverage of Nunavut residents was about 70% prior to 2009. For this reason, estimates of the number of interprovincial employees as a percentage of the Nunavut work- force are shown only for the years 2009 to 2011. Sources: Statistics Canada, Canadian Employer-Employee Dynamics Database and Labour Force Survey.

11 Economic Insights, no. 047, June 2015 • Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 11-626-X

Interprovincial Employment in Canada, 2002 to 2011

Table 9 Amount of provincial T4 earnings paid to interprovincial employees, by province or territory of employment

Province or territory of employment Newfoundland

and Labrador

Prince Edward

Island Nova

Scotia New

Brunswick Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saskatch

-ewan Alberta British

Columbia Northwest Territories Yukon Nunavut

millions of dollars (2002) Total 2002 68.1 33.2 263.7 177.3 1,540.8 3,607.0 176.4 323.6 1,037.6 599.4 186.5 41.8 69.2 2003 67.5 39.7 263.0 188.5 1,521.2 3,721.1 197.9 309.1 959.9 575.3 148.2 18.8 67.4 2004 68.8 38.8 251.7 183.2 1,557.7 3,858.4 184.2 317.8 1,111.7 660.1 163.5 19.5 69.2 2005 89.2 38.4 252.0 192.7 1,634.7 4,185.3 205.9 361.5 1,518.4 725.4 218.7 23.4 73.6 2006 92.7 51.0 273.6 213.5 1,685.1 4,311.3 218.8 406.2 2,127.5 820.6 257.3 28.4 73.5 2007 98.4 49.3 281.8 240.1 1,720.4 4,526.7 267.1 423.6 2,766.8 829.7 338.2 45.6 87.4 2008 105.9 55.7 286.9 279.7 1,718.4 4,582.3 332.4 496.1 3,573.1 832.1 340.7 40.7 108.7 2009 97.3 68.0 285.4 244.4 1,780.5 4,583.2 327.3 534.8 2,802.5 727.9 224.5 40.6 119.9 2010 119.3 69.2 290.2 235.2 1,802.3 4,677.2 509.3 657.4 3,063.0 784.3 250.6 68.6 149.4 2011 153.6 67.2 297.8 224.9 1,854.2 4,924.8 314.0 850.1 3,538.2 925.3 275.1 88.8 186.0 Men 2002 53.5 22.3 206.8 137.5 965.3 2,273.4 127.2 254.0 864.2 463.8 160.7 34.7 58.8 2003 52.4 29.2 204.9 145.9 951.2 2,346.0 146.4 247.9 778.7 448.4 124.9 11.6 55.1 2004 53.4 27.7 189.9 139.9 965.8 2,428.2 131.7 244.8 919.0 516.9 140.9 12.5 56.2 2005 70.6 28.8 189.3 145.8 1,011.8 2,656.9 150.6 280.2 1,301.4 577.9 197.5 15.8 60.0 2006 72.1 38.9 205.9 162.8 1,029.0 2,724.0 158.0 315.6 1,834.0 653.8 231.0 19.0 59.2 2007 79.5 38.1 211.7 187.2 1,062.7 2,859.5 200.2 327.7 2,387.4 658.5 308.2 34.5 71.3 2008 83.4 43.7 216.6 222.7 1,056.5 2,854.9 259.6 393.5 3,126.8 642.2 306.3 28.4 86.8 2009 78.1 56.7 219.1 189.6 1,069.0 2,808.9 256.4 441.8 2,418.6 559.8 198.0 29.5 99.4 2010 96.7 56.6 222.8 179.8 1,098.9 2,923.1 438.6 557.3 2,685.8 617.1 221.4 55.4 123.7 2011 129.5 55.3 228.7 169.4 1,122.9 3,085.7 242.3 735.2 3,109.5 753.9 247.9 72.1 154.7 Women 2002 14.6 10.8 56.9 39.8 575.6 1,333.6 49.2 69.5 173.4 135.6 25.8 7.2 10.4 2003 15.1 10.5 58.2 42.6 570.0 1,375.1 51.5 61.2 181.1 126.9 23.3 7.2 12.3 2004 15.4 11.1 61.8 43.3 591.9 1,430.2 52.5 73.0 192.7 143.2 22.6 7.0 13.0 2005 18.6 9.6 62.8 46.9 622.9 1,528.4 55.3 81.3 217.0 147.5 21.2 7.6 13.6 2006 20.6 12.1 67.6 50.8 656.1 1,587.3 60.8 90.6 293.6 166.8 26.3 9.4 14.3 2007 19.0 11.2 70.1 52.9 657.7 1,667.2 66.9 95.8 379.3 171.2 30.0 11.1 16.1 2008 22.5 11.9 70.2 57.0 662.0 1,727.3 72.8 102.6 446.3 189.9 34.4 12.3 21.9 2009 19.2 11.3 66.3 54.8 711.4 1,774.3 70.9 93.0 384.0 168.1 26.5 11.1 20.5 2010 22.7 12.6 67.3 55.4 703.4 1,754.0 71.2 100.4 377.6 167.2 29.2 13.2 25.8 2011 24.1 11.9 69.1 55.5 731.3 1,839.0 71.7 115.4 429.3 171.3 27.2 16.7 31.2

Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Employer-Employee Dynamics Database.

12 Economic Insights, no. 047, June 2015 • Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 11-626-X Interprovincial Employment in Canada, 2002 to 2011

Table 10 Percentage of provincial T4 earnings paid to interprovincial employees, by province or territory of employment

Province or territory of employment Newfoundland

and Labrador

Prince Edward

Island Nova

Scotia New

Brunswick Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saskatch

-ewan Alberta British

Columbia Northwest Territories Yukon Nunavut

percent Total 2002 1.2 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.4 1.7 1.1 2.5 1.7 1.0 16.3 7.0 14.2 2003 1.2 2.4 2.1 2.0 1.4 1.7 1.2 2.4 1.5 0.9 12.9 3.3 13.1 2004 1.2 2.3 2.0 1.9 1.4 1.7 1.1 2.5 1.7 1.0 13.8 3.3 12.9 2005 1.5 2.3 2.0 1.9 1.4 1.8 1.2 2.7 2.0 1.1 17.5 3.8 13.5 2006 1.5 3.0 2.1 2.1 1.4 1.8 1.3 2.8 2.5 1.1 19.3 4.3 13.0 2007 1.5 2.8 2.1 2.3 1.4 1.9 1.5 2.8 3.0 1.1 22.8 6.3 14.7 2008 1.6 3.1 2.1 2.6 1.4 1.9 1.8 3.0 3.7 1.1 22.4 5.4 16.7 2009 1.4 3.6 2.1 2.2 1.5 2.0 1.7 3.1 3.1 1.0 16.3 5.4 17.3 2010 1.6 3.6 2.1 2.1 1.5 1.9 2.6 3.7 3.3 1.1 17.7 8.3 19.5 2011 1.9 3.4 2.1 2.0 1.5 2.0 1.6 4.5 3.7 1.2 18.9 9.9 22.6 Men 2002 1.5 2.5 2.6 2.3 1.4 1.7 1.3 3.1 2.1 1.2 21.5 10.6 19.6 2003 1.5 3.2 2.7 2.4 1.4 1.7 1.5 3.2 1.9 1.2 17.2 3.8 17.7 2004 1.5 3.0 2.5 2.3 1.4 1.7 1.3 3.1 2.0 1.3 18.8 3.9 17.7 2005 1.9 3.1 2.4 2.4 1.4 1.9 1.5 3.4 2.6 1.4 24.0 4.7 18.5 2006 2.0 4.1 2.7 2.7 1.5 1.9 1.5 3.6 3.2 1.4 26.8 5.3 17.8 2007 2.0 4.0 2.7 3.0 1.5 1.9 1.8 3.5 3.8 1.4 31.3 8.7 19.9 2008 2.1 4.5 2.7 3.4 1.4 1.9 2.3 3.9 4.7 1.4 31.0 6.8 22.2 2009 1.9 5.6 2.8 2.9 1.5 2.0 2.3 4.2 4.0 1.3 22.9 7.1 23.7 2010 2.2 5.5 2.8 2.7 1.5 2.0 3.8 5.1 4.4 1.4 24.7 12.0 26.5 2011 2.7 5.3 2.8 2.5 1.5 2.1 2.1 6.3 4.8 1.6 26.7 14.1 30.8 Women 2002 0.7 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.7 0.8 1.4 0.9 0.6 6.5 2.7 5.5 2003 0.7 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.7 0.8 1.2 0.9 0.5 5.6 2.7 6.1 2004 0.7 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.7 0.8 1.5 0.9 0.6 5.2 2.5 6.0 2005 0.8 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.8 0.8 1.5 0.9 0.6 4.9 2.7 6.1 2006 0.9 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.8 0.9 1.6 1.1 0.6 5.6 3.1 6.1 2007 0.7 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.8 0.9 1.6 1.3 0.6 6.0 3.5 6.8 2008 0.8 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.8 1.0 1.6 1.5 0.7 6.4 3.6 8.4 2009 0.7 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.9 0.9 1.4 1.3 0.6 5.1 3.2 7.5 2010 0.7 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.8 0.9 1.5 1.3 0.6 5.6 3.6 8.5 2011 0.7 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.9 0.9 1.6 1.4 0.6 5.2 4.4 9.8

Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Employer-Employee Dynamics Database.