Reflective logs

Culture:is a set of knowledge structures consisting of systems of values, norms, attitudes, beliefs, and behavioral meanings that are shared by members of a social group (society) and

embedded in its institutions and that are learned from previous generations.

Three levels of mental programming:

Historic Social models:

· The euromanagement study

· South east asian Management

Single dimension models:

· Context: high and low context cultures

a) Context: how individuals and their society seek information and knowledge

b) High context cultures: information and knowledge obtained from personal information networks (asians, latins Americans) (implicit)

c) Low context cultures: Information and knowledge obtained from a research base (germans, swiss, North americans) (explicit)

· Monochronic and polychronic cultures:

a) TIME

b) Monochronic: Focused, concentrated at one thing at a time within a set timescale. Time is recognized as a scarce resource with an opportunity cost (germans, finnish, some North americans)

c) Polychronic: Multitask but often is an unplanned or opportunistic sequence. Time schedules and punctuality are not particularly important. planning , schedules and appointments perceived as artificial constructs (Arabs, polynesian, Latin americans)

· kuyama’s Analysis of Trust: analysis of the relationship between trust, social capital, and the development of organization and management

a) TRUST

b) High trust societies: More flexible workplace organized on a group oriented basis. More responsibility delegated to the lower levels of the organization. (USA, CANADA)

c) Low trust societies: More bureaucratic, hierarchical. Familistic societies, strong families but weak bonds of trust amongst people unrelated to one another. (France, spain, italy, japan)

Multiple dimension models:

· Hofstede’s dimensions:

a) Individualism/collectivism

b) Power distance

c) Uncertainty avoidance

d) Masculinity/femininity

e) Long-term orientation

f) Indulgence versus restraint

· Kluckhohn & Strodbeck:

a) How people see themselves

b) Peoples’ relationship to the world

c) Human relationships: Individualism or Collectivism

d) Activity: Doing or Being

e) Time: Present, Past, & Future

f) Space

· Trompenaars: The Seven Dimensions of Cross-Cultural Management:

1. Relationship with other people

a) Universalism vs.particularism

b) Collectivism vs individualism

c) Neutral vs. affective

d) Diffuse vs. specific

e) Achievement vs. ascription

2. Relationship to time

a) Monochronic vs polychronic

3. Relationship with nature

a) Inner vs outer directed

· Schwartz value survey (not too important)

a) egalitarianism

b) Harmony

c) Embeddedness

d) Hierarchy

e) Mastery

f) Affective autonomy

g) Intellectual autonomy

· Lessem & Neubauer (european management systems)

a) Pragmatism

b) Idealism

c) Rationalism

d) Humanism

Work behaviours various across cultures:

· Mcgregor's theory X and Y: Managers can have different kinds of assumptions about workers that will influence managerial behavior.

a) Task and Relationship oriented cultures

b) Managers experts or problem solvers

c) Individualism and Collectivism

d) Rules and Relationship