Urban Studies Paper 2 pages (double space)
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2.ChicagoSchoolOctover82018.pptxProgram: Mapping Urban Theory
Capitalist Urbanization
Max Weber
Ferdinand Tönnies
Urban Culture – Urban Space
Millard Sheets, Angel’s Flight (downtown Los Angeles), 1931
Creating (dis)Orderly Environments
1
Key Points
Life in the Small Town
Modern Metropolis and Mental-Social Life
Order in the Disorderly City?
Communities & Groups in Cities
2
Part 1. Life in a Small Town
3
The Countryside: Social and Relational Conditions
Homogeneous: Low Division of Labor / Too Few People for Subgroup Formation
Overlapping Social Institutions and Ritual Events
Rooted Norms and Obligations
High Surveillance and Sanctioning Capacities: All Eyes Are Watching
1. Life in a Small Town
4
Great Community Cohesion and Support
Little Room for Deviation, Freedom, Innovation
1. Life in a Small Town
5
Part 2. Modern Metropolis and Mental-Social Life
6
Do you come from a:
a. Small town
b. Big city
c. Suburb
2. Metropolis and Mental-Social Life
7
If from a small town, do you have:
a. Strong ties to people in your community (lots of friends, different places to connect with similar friends and family, concern about reputation)
b. Weak ties to people in your community
2. Metropolis and Mental-Social Life
8
If from a big city, do you have:
a. Strong ties to people in your community (lots of friends, different places to connect with similar friends and family, concern about reputation)
b. Weak ties to people in your community
2. Metropolis and Mental-Social Life
9
If from a suburb, do you have:
a. Strong ties to people in your community (lots of friends, different places to connect with similar friends and family, concern about reputation)
b. Weak ties to people in your community
2. Metropolis and Mental-Social Life
10
Discussion:
Develop a hypothesis to explain for differences or similarities between these environments.
2. Metropolis and Mental-Social Life
11
Ernest Burgess
Robert Park
Chicago School of Urban Sociology
Order in the Disorderly City?
12
Urbanism as Anomie? Numbers + Density + Heterogeneity (Louis Wirth)
More Relations with Others but Segmented, Functional, and Instrumental
More Proximate Physical Contacts but Greater Social Distance
More Groups but Weaker Groups…WHY?
2. Metropolis and Mental-Social Life
13
2. Metropolis and Mental-Social Life
Weak Controls and Sanctioning Capacities
NO EYES ARE WATCHING!
14
“Personal disorganization, mental breakdown, suicide, delinquency, crime, corruption, and disorder might be expected under these circumstances to be more prevalent in the urban than in the rural community. This has been confirmed in so far as comparable indices are available; but the mechanisms underlying these phenomena require further analysis” (Wirth, 1938: 23)
2. Metropolis and Mental-Social Life
15
The Blasé and Instrumental Urbanite
Instrumental Individualism
The Blasé Attitude (Georg Simmel): Difference breeds Indifference
Free Urbanite – Free City
Weakening Control:
Blurring Boundaries:
Difference and Indifference:
City as a Space of Refuge
"urban air makes you free"
Stadluft macht frei!
2. Metropolis and Mental-Social Life
16
Coordination through Money
Markets Connect People
Markets Create Rationale for Relations (Cost / Benefit)
Money De-personalizes Relations (“not personal, just business”)
2. Metropolis and Mental-Social Life
17
Coordination through Bureaucracy:
Companies Rationalize Social Relations: Functional Division of Labor
Government Rationalizes Space: Functional Division of Space
Bureaucracies Needed to Carry this Out
2. Metropolis and Mental-Social Life
18
2. Metropolis and Mental-Social Life
Courts and Police: Rule Enforcement
19
2. Metropolis and Mental-Social Life
"Three million people in Chicago are dependent upon one unified water system, one gas company...Yet, like most other aspects of our communal life this economic co-operation is an example of cooperation without a shred of what the 'spirit of co-operation' is commonly thought to signify” (Burgess 1925: 53)
Greater Freedom but More External Controls
Collective Coordination without Collective Spirit or Norms
20
Markets and Bureaucracy: Reinforce Instrumentalism and Individualism
Markets and Bureaucracy: Reinforce Instrumentalism and Individualism
Markets and Bureaucracy: Reinforce Instrumentalism and Individualism
Anomie, Deviance, Depression
Does “urbanism” (fractured social relations, anonymity, instrumentalism, deviance, depression, freedom, etc.) only happen in the city?
Yes
No
Urban Life as World of Contradictions - Opposites
25
Part 3. Order in the Disorderly City?
26
Push and Pull of Urban Life
Centralization – Decentralization
Disorganization – Re-organization
27
Centralization – Decentralization
28
Center
Zones of Transition
Residential Districts (Working Class, Immigrants)
Residential Districts (Middle Class, Natives)
“In the expansion of the city, a process of distribution takes place which sifts and sorts and relocates individuals and groups by residence and occupation… Segregation offers the group, and thereby the individuals who compose the group, a place and a role in the total organization of city life” Ernest Burgess
Order in the Disorderly City?
The City of Concentric Circles: Spatial Structure and Natural Areas
29
Middle Class Area
W.C Class Area
Center
W.C Class Area
Manufacturing Zone
Manufacturing Zone
Transition zone
Rural
Constant Disturbance
New Disturbance
New Disturbance
1
2
3
5
4
Order in the Disorderly City?
Urban Succession: Disturbance, Invasion, Equilibrium
Roderick D. McKenzie, University of Chicago
30
Social Disorganization –
Re-Organization
31
Disturbing Forces
Economic Disruptions
Poverty
Infrastructure
Eviction
Incarceration
Order in the Disorderly City?
Social Disorganization
Breakdown of Collective Efficacy
Breakdown of strong connecting organizations (e.g. churches, Scouts, PTA,, etc.
Breakdown of trust
Breakdown of informal social control
Destructive Behavior
Short Term Planning
The hustle economy
Normalizing deviant behavior
Accelerating Out Migration of Stable People and Businesses – Reinforcing Poverty and Decline
32
Neighborhood Effect: Social relations, norms, and resources in a neighborhood that exacerbate problems or privileges of people
33
Stabilizing Forces
New Dominant Forces
Provide Stability and Certainty
Order in the Disorderly City?
Social Reorganization
Collective Efficacy
Strong connecting organizations
Social closeness and willingness to trust others
Informal social control
Constructive Behavior
Medium Term Planning
Transactions and interactions
Drawing more people and investments into town, further reinforcing some stability
34
Social Disorganization
Social Reorganization
Organization in Disorganized Space?
36
The Wire
Push and Pull of Urban Life
Centralization – Decentralization
Disorganization – Re-organization
38
Part 4. Relatively Stable Communities and Groups
39
City as Unstable Mosaic of (Minority) Communities
40
42
How?
1. Making a Group: Connecting Stigmatized Individuals
YMCA, New York, 1900
2. Institutional Autonomy and Completeness
“The larger a subculture’s population, the greater its “institutional completeness”. That is, given basic market mechanisms, arrival at certain critical levels of size enables a social subsystem to create and support institutions which structure, envelop, protect, and foster its subculture. These institutions (e.g., dress styles, newspapers, associations) establish sources of authority and points of congregation and delimit social boundaries. In addition to the simple fact of the numbers themselves, they make possible and encourage keeping social ties within the group”
Claude Fischer (1975) “Toward a subcultural theory of urbanism,” American Journal of Sociology 89 (6): 1325-26
Harvey Milk
3. Leaders and Intellectuals
4. Sharpening Group Identities through the Fires of Hostility
5. Changing Dominant Norms - Incorporation
Group making in cities…How?
Individual Connections
Autonomous Institutions
Intellectuals and Leaders
Hostility and Sharp Boundaries / Identities
Changing Dominant Norms - Incorporation
51
Choose a subgroup of your own choosing (LGBT, ethnic / racial minority, cultural avant garde [rap, artists, punks…], political radicals, etc.).Your groups has formed into a large community in one of the America’s largest cities.
Address the following questions. Be sure to give concrete examples:
What is your group and city?
How did people in your group end up in the city? What were the pushes and pulls responsible for your migration?
Why and how did your group use pre-existing public spaces in the city? How did your group form your own institutions and organizations?
How was a new culture created?
What were the points of conflict with the ”dominant culture” of your city? What were the consequences of the conflicts?
Subgroup Formation
Cliff Dwellers, George Bellows
