Final Project Data Analysis Guidelines and Rubric

Milestone 1

Maria Williams

Southern New Hampshire University

Biostatistics

05/23/2021

To What Extent Do the Ages of MI Patients Vary by Gender?

This question inquires about whether there are any differences between men's and women's ages at the time of myocardial infarction. In the United States, heart disease is the top cause of mortality for both men and women (Ladwig et al., 2017). On the other hand, males have a higher rate of MIs and have them at a younger age than females (Ladwig et al., 2017). Women had a lower incidence but a higher fatality rate than males at the time of their MI, despite being older at the time (Stehli et al., 2019). However, research has shown that differences in symptoms and treatment periods significantly impact the death rate among women (Ladwig et al., 2017). Because the symptoms of a heart attack differ so greatly between men and women, many women may not know they have one and do not seek medical help quickly. It might be the difference between life and death if you wait until your symptoms become unbearable.

Women are more likely than males to have nausea and discomfort in their arms, back, jaw, and throat. Men were more likely than women to describe their symptoms to a heart cause. When the prehospital delay was enhanced by experiencing shoulder discomfort, assuming symptoms were noncardiac, consulting a close relative, and calling several medical practitioners. Women were more likely than males to be tired in the year leading up to the event. According to the findings of Stehli et al. (2019, women had a wider range of symptoms than males. Prehospital delay may be influenced by acute symptoms, symptom interpretation, and disease behaviour. When the different age categories of individuals with acute myocardial infarction are examined, the impact of sex on the death rate becomes even less evident. In recent research of 155,565 females and 229,313 males, Stehli et al. (2019) found that younger ladies have greater in-hospital mortality following an acute myocardial infarction than males of the same age. However, in a review of the ISIS-3 study's 36,080 participants, Ladwig et al. (2017) found a greater disparity in mortality among genders with age reduction and only a minor intimate relations effect on mortality, which was somewhat greater in the female sex.

Acute myocardial infarction presents differently in the youthful population, with distinct entomopathogenic, anatomical, and prognosis features distinguishing these individuals from the elderly. Young people with metastatic myocardial infarction suffer considerably more severe emotional and economic implications when they get unwell during their years of increased output. Sex, like age, appears to have an impact on the clinical manifestation of acute myocardial infarction. Females with myocardial infarction had a greater prevalence of pulmonary blood hypertension, diabetes, normal carotid artery, and clinical symptoms of heart failure, in addition to being around ten years older than men. It is unclear if the increased mortality in females with acute myocardial infarction is due to their advanced age, the differing frequencies of numerous risk variables, or an independent relationship between female sex, morbidity, and death following acute myocardial infarction.

Several studies have found that females had a lower rate of surgical myocardial revascularization than men 67-71, a tendency that has recently reversed 72 (Stehli et al., 2019). Males and females had identical surgical indications, possibly because of the lack of statistically significant variations in the frequency of triple-vessel coronary heart disease and deterioration of left ventricular systolic between the sexes. In terms of clinical progression, no significant difference in the prevalence of complications was seen between the sexes. Females have been observed to have greater mitral incompetence, heart failure, ventricle rupture, bradyarrhythmia, and heart failure following acute myocardial infarction than men; males had a greater prevalence of ventricular tachyarrhythmia. The lack of age, systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, myocardial pericardial effusion, and coronary blockage pattern variations between the sexes may have led to the same frequency of sequelae.

References

Ladwig, K. H., Fang, X., Wolf, K., Hoschar, S., Albarqouni, L., Ronel, J., ... & Schunkert, H. (2017). Comparison of delay times between symptom onset of an acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction and hospital arrival in men and women< 65 years versus≥ 65 years of age.: findings from the multicenter Munich Examination of Delay in Patients Experiencing Acute Myocardial Infarction (MEDEA) study. The American journal of cardiology, 120(12), 2128-2134.

Stehli, J., Martin, C., Brennan, A., Dinh, D. T., Lefkovits, J., & Zaman, S. (2019). Sex differences persist in time to presentation, revascularization, and mortality in myocardial infarction treated with percutaneous coronary intervention. Journal of the American Heart Association, 8(10), e012161.