Earth Science 2.3

9. In the article, Americans face the police brutality depending on the population they belong to and their geographic setting. For instance, some settings or locations are linked to drug abuse and illegal activities such as human trafficking and rape cases, especially those occupied by the black community. As a result, police discriminatory profiling against those residents is dominant; thus, the locations require crucial healthcare services. Police violence is attributed to injuries; thus, public health agencies should consider introducing injury prevention programs in hospitals to cater to fatal police shootings and beatings.

10. Drakulich, K., Wozniak, K. H., Hagan, J., & Johnson, D. (2020). Race and policing in the 2016 presidential election: Black lives matter, the police, and dog whistle politics. Criminology, 58(2), 370-402.

11. Drakulich et al., (2020) review how black people die in police officers' hands in the United States. As a result, mass protests emerge as the oppressed try to resist police brutalities. During the 2016 presidential election, various civil rights movement received wide media coverage as candidates campaigned for the race and policing on different perspectives. In the article, Black Lives Matter led to the emergency of new civil rights concerns as some of the presidential candidates indirectly advocated for police brutality against a certain race. The policing actions that appear to be biased lead to discrimination and polarization of unity among the races.

12. Within the framework of Black Lives Matter, various diverse alliances of human rights activists have joined to fight for the black community's rights who are at risk of police violence. These activists have played a critical role in forming and leading public demonstrations to target political campaign events where hatred speeches and slogans directed towards black people prevail. The article ascertains that race and policing issues directly link to the voting pattern and influence presidential elections in the United States. For instance, a Democrat presidential candidate of 2016, Hillary Clinton, supported the Black Lives Matter movement's ideas and addressed the issue of police profiling to get many votes from states where minority groups make the majority. Based on these claims, police brutality and racism are key determinants of voting patterns and outcomes in the U.S.

13. Fisher-Stewart, G. (2017). To serve and protect: The police, race, and the Episcopal church in the Black Lives Matter era. Anglican Theological Review, 99(3), 439-459.

14. The above article focuses on establishing a society that recognizes the dignity of all people. Under the context of “black lives matter” Fisher-Stewart (2017), police brutality has led to the loss of lives. The church has a role to pray in dealing with life issues that keep away from God’s will. Primarily, brutality is based on theological concepts that establish the power of words in dehumanizing and justifying oppression, discrimination, and mass incarceration. Blacks have a fractured relationship with the law, and police officers are supposed to enforce it. For many years, this relationship has existed since the blacks perceive themselves as an oppressed group in the American community. Among African-Americans, there is a codified belief that blacks are only three-fifths of a human being; thus, the laws deny them fundamental human rights and promote mass imprisonment and obliteration.

15. The article reviews the police role as serving and protecting. The officers have the ability to influence how the public can view the world, values, and actions. The United States had a movement that ensures police are held accountable for their unlawful actions, such as using force towards certain ethnic groups. For a long time, police culture has been an unfair discharge of duties, thus undermining the relationship between them and the community. Despite the Civil Rights Act of 1964, promising freedom for all Americans, the country faces the challenge of having an internal enemy. The black color is still under threat from the majority group. Most African Americans have limited chances as a result of their skin color. The red-lining is kept for them, underperforming and under-equipped schools, and have a challenge of disenfranchisement.

16. Police should understand specific sanctity attributed to human beings, which is God-given. It is something that only God confers, and therefore no police officer or other person can destroy it. The sacredness of this image implies that no human should get abused or cause abuse to another. Blacks have been struggling to get recognized as full human beings throughout American’s history. The reflection of God’s image may help support the demands of equality, but police brutality is an action for committing violence against the black color. The 2015 General Convention enacted a Resolution C019, with its “extraordinary mandate” for accountability in police department work and reconciliation focusing on “systemic racial injustice.

17. McManus, H. D., Cullen, F. T., Jonson, C. L., Burton, A. L., & Burton Jr, V. S. (2019). Will Black lives matter to the police? African Americans’ concerns about Trump’s presidency. Victims & Offenders, 14(8), 1040-1062.

18. The above article is based on the national survey findings of 2017 on how the black community perceives the election of President Donald Trump in terms of police attitude toward blacks, police-minority relations, and race relations. The author states that the black community views President Trump as incompetent in handling racial issues. When compared to Obama, blacks lack trust in Trump’s administration on dealing with the race. The “Trump effect” initiated racism such that minority groups have developed a belief that Trump re-established the image of the United States as a racist society. Still, blacks continue to struggle as they attempt to avoid police brutality, arrests, and trials. General, blacks do not trust President Trump in accommodating minority groups. Instead, his administration has dismissed the concerns and interests of blacks.

19. Rodríguez, R. R. (2018). Do Black Lives Matter to White Christians? A Theological Reflection in Three Movements. Cross Currents, 68(1), 112-134.

20. The above article focuses on how the black community in the United States has faced discrimination in various areas. Rodriguez (2018) identifies American politics and seeking an elective position to be founded based on race. Still, American politicians have not reached the post-racial era. However, Obama's presidency signaled a step toward a complete post-racial era whereby color did not mean anything in dynamic American society. This achievement implies that racism and discrimination are no longer able to keep blacks from full engagement with white society. For instance, President Obama focused on race issues as the President and left a racial discrimination legacy that all Americans were born equal.

21. White supremacy has continued to polarize the unity of Americans. Despite President Obama promising to change the whole office, his term ended with a mixed record concerning race. During his time when the Black Lives Matter movement merged to protest against police use of force against African-American communities. Whites identify themselves with Protestant Christianity, but their agenda and actions demean the lives of blacks. For instance, the Unite the Right rally used by President Donald Trump during his campaigns christened itself as made of white Christians. Still, the group spread hatred against young black Americans and chanted racial slogans to undermine African-Americans' existence. The article ends by ironically stating that blacks' lives are the ones most attributed to the well‐being of all lives.

22. Sandlin, J., & Snaza, N. (2018). ‘It’s Called a Hustle, Sweetheart’: Black Lives Matter, the Police State, and the Politics of Colonizing Anger in Zootopia. Journal of Popular Culture, 51(5), 1190-1213.

23. The above article discusses racialization that creates a specific political concept of "the human." The authors view today's world as hyper-capitalists in which racism has dominated world societies to benefit the majority. They state that racism has histories such as dehumanization that trigger movements such as The Black Lives Matter. According to the research article, race does not exist; it is created. The time such aspects get created, whites gain the power to benefit from various political, economic, and legal privileges at less-powerful blacks. The authors view the dehumanization process as critical elements in understanding the concepts of colonialism and racial slavery. For a long time, the black community has perceived as less-than-human in American society where white supremacy prevails.

24. According to the above article, America's national conversation revolves around police brutality, the Black Lives Matter, and white supremacy. These are aspects that undermine equality in a country with rich racial diversity. The issue of racism has gone further to an extend of most films such as Disney trying to depict black people as half-human beings who do not deserve privileges in the United States. However, the article describes anger as an effective and bad emotion as the best approach to conduct policing activities that do not involve police violence and harassment. The authors' stand on racism is that blacks' resistance is emerging as a strategy to appreciate black humanity.

25. Washington, A. R., & Henfield, M. S. (2019). What Do the AMCD Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies Mean in the Context of Black Lives Matter? Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 47(3), 148-160.

26. Washington & Henfield (2019) discuss the forces behind the formation of the Black Lives Matter movement. One of the forces is police brutality. In the research article, the authors explain the approaches used to create awareness and knowledge to inform police violence towards the black community. Most African-Americans are perceived to be thieves, thugs, and lawbreakers due to their race and attire. For instance, the authors illustrate Trayvon Martin, who lost his life within a gated community after being shot for being suspected by George Zimmerman as a thug. Primarily, blacks suffer because of being stereotyped as half-human beings.

27. Black Lives Matter seeks to eliminate social actions that threaten minority groups' well-being, especially blacks in the United States. Black college students who initiated the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee have successfully initiated nonviolent demonstrations that involve sit-ins and freedom of blacks for voting. Hyper-surveillance understanding among African American communities is deliberate because of the concept of anti-Blackness and the theory of oppression. The white supremacy ideology has resulted in racial-based policing practices that stretch back to the time of enslavement. Among the black community, police patrol and other surveillance forms have become strategies of enslaving and oppressing them. White police are entrusted with the role of performing slave patrols in all neighborhoods occupied by African Americans. The authors of the article conclude by stating that there is a need for integrating multicultural competence and social justice to gain an in-depth understanding of the plight of oppressed individuals.