Assignment 2 Week 2 Research

PICO QUESTIONS 1

PICO Questions

Nikita Chapman

Research, Liberty University

Author Note

Nikita Chapman

I have no known conflict of interest to disclose.

Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Nikita Chapman

Email: [email protected]

PICO QUESTIONS 2

PICO QUESTIONS

Introduction & Background

The selected topic is mammography which is related to breast cancer treatment.

Mammography refers to the process of utilizing low-energy X-rays to assist in examining the

human breast. The main goal for using mammograms is to help in the early detection of

breast cancers by noticing any masses or malfunctions of the breast. Women who are about

the age of 40 to 44 years have the choice to take an annual mammogram to monitor their

breasts, while for the women that are between 45 to 50 years, it is advised that they have an

annual mammogram and later switch to a mammogram after every two years at ages 55 and

older (Rodríguez-Ruiz et al., 2019, p. 310).

Breast cancer is a subject of concern because there have been increasing cases of breast

cancer which have pushed for more awareness creation on the subject (Rodríguez-Ruiz et al.,

2019, p. 312). The PICO question focuses on women between the ages of 40 to 44 years who

go for regular mammograms. Mammography is used in determining the abnormalities in the

breast area, but it cannot precisely detect breast cancer (Yala et al., 2019, p. 62). It is an

analysis used to determine whether a patient needs further analysis to determine whether

abnormalities and the availability of masses were due to cancer.

Significance of the problem

Mammograms are not a new concept, and many women use mammograms to help

monitor their breasts ensure that they are in good shape and health. The issue of breast cancer

has been a cause of deterioration of health and has also caused deaths among women (Shen et

al., 2019, p. 9). The problem is significant as it will help develop knowledge that can

encourage more organizations and women to create breast cancer awareness and awareness

on breast cancer interventions.

PICO QUESTIONS 3

Clinical question

There are different clinical questions, and identifying the right clinical question helps

develop the proper intervention for patients. The type of question developed for the selected

topic is a diagnosis question. A diagnosis question refers to a question that focuses on

determining the accuracy of specific tests. The mammography procedure is used in the initial

steps of diagnosing patients, and for this reason, the question falls under the category of a

diagnosis question.

The Iowa Model

This model is helpful in nursing research and involves various steps. Once the PICO

question has been developed, the next step will involve the evaluation of the selected

evidence, which can be evaluated through consideration of various factors. Since I have

already completed determining the significance of the topic and selecting scholarly articles,

the next step is to evaluate evidence. Evaluation of evidence is essential as it will help

determine whether the sources are reliable and whether the content included in the research is

helpful for the topic and developed PICO question.

Keywords for initiating literature review

Various keywords will help determine the articles relevant to the topic, and the first

key question is “mammogram,” which is the X-ray picture, while the second keyword will be

“mammography,” which is the process of obtaining the X-ray pictures. Another keyword that

will be used to initiate the literature review is “breast cancer,” which is cancer that affects the

breast. It will be easy to find many articles and sources with these selected vital words. A few

sources will be used from the sources that will be found, and the selection will be based on

how relevant they are to the topic and the PICO question.

PICO QUESTIONS 4

References

Rodríguez-Ruiz, A., Krupinski, E., Mordang, J. J., Schilling, K., Heywang-Köbrunner, S. H.,

Sechopoulos, I., & Mann, R. M. (2019). Detection of breast cancer with

mammography: effect of an artificial intelligence support system. Radiology, 290(2),

305-314. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2018181371

Shen, L., Margolies, L. R., Rothstein, J. H., Fluder, E., McBride, R., & Sieh, W. (2019). Deep

Learning to Improve Breast Cancer Detection on Screening Mammography. Scientific

Reports (Nature Publisher Group), 9, 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-

48995-4

Yala, A., Lehman, C., Schuster, T., Portnoi, T., & Barzilay, R. (2019). A deep learning

mammography-based model for improved breast cancer risk

prediction. Radiology, 292(1), 60-66. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2019182716